Burden of proof

103 Burden of proof

104 On whom burden of proof lies

105 Burden of proof as to particular fact

106 Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible

107 Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions

108 Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge

109 Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within 30 years

110 Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for 7 years

111 Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent

112 Burden of proof as to ownership

113 Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence

114 Rebuttable presumption of paternity

115 (Repealed)

116 Court may presume existence of certain fact

116A Presumptions in relation to electronic records

Estoppel

117 Estoppel

118 Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession

119 Estoppel of bailee or licensee

Witnesses

120 Who may testify

121 Dumb witnesses

122 Parties to civil suit and their wives or husbands, and husband or wife of person under criminal trial

123 Judges and Magistrates

124 Communications during marriage

125 Evidence as to affairs of State

126 Official communications

127 Information as to commission of offences

128 Professional communications

128A Communications with legal counsel in entity

129 Sections 128 and 128A to apply to interpreters, etc.

130 Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence

131 Confidential communications with legal advisers

132 Production of title deeds of witness not a party

133 Production of documents which another person having possession could refuse to produce

134 Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate

135 Accomplice

136 Number of witnesses

Examination of witnesses

137 Order of production and examination of witnesses

138 Court to decide as to admissibility of evidence

139 Examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-examination

140 Order of examinations and direction of re-examination

141 Cross-examination of person called to produce document

142 Witnesses to character

143 Leading questions

144 When they must not be asked

145 When they may be asked

146 Evidence as to matters in writing

147 Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing

148 Questions lawful in cross-examination

149 When witness to be compelled to answer

150 Court to decide when question is to be asked and when witness compelled to answer

151 Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds

152 Procedure of court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds

153 Indecent and scandalous questions

154 Questions intended to insult or annoy

154A Restrictions on questions and evidence in criminal proceedings involving sexual offence or child abuse offence

155 Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity

156 Questions by party to his or her own witness

157 Impeaching credit of witness

158 Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact admissible

159 Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact

160 What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33

160A Evidence not capable of corroboration

161 Refreshing memory

162 Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 161

163 Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory

164 Production and translation of documents

165 Giving as evidence document called for and produced on notice

166 Using as evidence document production of which was refused on notice

167 Judge’s power to put questions or order production

168 Power of assessors to put questions

Improper admission and rejection of evidence

169 No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence