33. The principal Rules are amended by inserting, immediately after Order 109, the following Order:SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL COURT
PRELIMINARY |
Interpretation (O. 110, r. 1) |
1.—(1) In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires —“counsel” means —(a) | an advocate and solicitor; | (b) | a person admitted to practise as an advocate and solicitor under section 15 of the Legal Profession Act (Cap. 161); or | (c) | a registered foreign lawyer; |
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“Court” means the Singapore International Commercial Court; |
“High Court” does not include the Court; |
“jurisdiction agreement” means an agreement to submit to the exclusive or non-exclusive jurisdiction of the Court; |
“offshore case” means an action which has no substantial connection with Singapore, but does not include an action in rem (against a ship or any other property) under the High Court (Admiralty Jurisdiction) Act (Cap. 123); |
“offshore case declaration” means an offshore case declaration under Rule 35; |
“plaintiff’s declaration” means a plaintiff’s declaration under Rule 4(4) and (5); |
“pre-action certificate” means a pre-action certificate pursuant to a joint request under Rule 40 or an application under Rule 41; |
“registered foreign lawyer” means a foreign lawyer registered under section 36P of the Legal Profession Act. |
(2) In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires —(a) | a claim is international in nature if —(i) | the parties to the claim have, by a written jurisdiction agreement, agreed to submit the claim for resolution by the Court and, at the time the agreement was concluded, the parties have their places of business in different States; | (ii) | none of the parties to the claim have their places of business in Singapore; | (iii) | one of the following places is situated outside any State in which any of the parties have their places of business:(A) | any place where a substantial part of the obligations of the commercial relationship between the parties is to be performed; | (B) | the place with which the subject-matter of the dispute is most closely connected; or |
| (iv) | the parties to the claim have expressly agreed that the subject-matter of the claim relates to more than one State; |
| (b) | a claim is commercial in nature if the subject-matter of the claim arises from a relationship of a commercial nature, whether contractual or not, including (but not limited to) any of the following transactions:(i) | any trade transaction for the supply or exchange of goods or services; | (ii) | a distribution agreement; | (iii) | commercial representation or agency; | (iv) | factoring or leasing; | (v) | construction works; | (vi) | consulting, engineering or licensing; | (vii) | investment, financing, banking or insurance; | (viii) | an exploitation agreement or a concession; | (ix) | a joint venture or any other form of industrial or business co-operation; | (x) | a merger of companies or an acquisition of one or more companies; | (xi) | the carriage of goods or passengers by air, sea, rail or road; |
| (c) | an agreement to submit to the jurisdiction of the High Court does not of itself constitute an agreement to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court; | (d) | an agreement to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court does not of itself constitute an agreement to submit to the jurisdiction of the High Court; | (e) | a jurisdiction agreement is written if its contents are recorded in any form (whether or not the agreement has been concluded orally, by conduct or by other means), including an electronic communication if the information contained therein is accessible so as to be useable for subsequent reference; and | (f) | for the purposes of the definition of “offshore case” in paragraph (1), an action has no substantial connection to Singapore where —(i) | Singapore law is not the law applicable to the dispute and the subject-matter of the dispute is not regulated by or otherwise subject to Singapore law; or | (ii) | the only connections between the dispute and Singapore are the parties’ choice of Singapore law as the law applicable to the dispute and the parties’ submission to the jurisdiction of the Court. |
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(3) For the purposes of paragraph (2)(a)(i) —(a) | if a party has more than one place of business, its place of business shall be that which has the closest relationship to the written jurisdiction agreement; and | (b) | if a party does not have a place of business, the reference to the party’s place of business shall be construed as a reference to the party’s habitual residence. |
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(4) A reference in these Rules to an advocate and solicitor, an advocate or a solicitor acting for a person in any proceedings shall, in relation to proceedings in the Court or to an appeal from the Court, be construed as a reference to counsel acting for the person. |
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Application (O. 110, r. 2) |
2. Subject to Rules 47 and 48, this Order applies to —(a) | every case commenced in the Court (unless the case is transferred out of the Court under Rule 10 or 12); | (b) | any proceedings for the transfer of a case from the High Court to the Court under Rule 12, and every case so transferred; | (c) | every appeal from a judgment or an order of the Court; and | (d) | every application to the Court of Appeal in relation to a case under paragraph (a) or (b) or an appeal under paragraph (c). |
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Rules of Court to apply subject to Order (O. 110, r. 3) |
3. Subject to this Order, the provisions of these Rules apply to all proceedings in the Court and all appeals from the Court. |
COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS AND SERVICE OF PROCESS |
Mode of beginning proceedings (O. 110, r. 4) |
4.—(1) Subject to this Rule, proceedings in the Court may be begun according to the provisions of these Rules for beginning civil proceedings.(2) A writ of summons filed in the Court must be in Form 249. |
(3) An originating summons filed in the Court must be in Form 250. |
(4) An originating process filed in the Court must be accompanied by a plaintiff’s declaration, signed by the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s counsel. |
(5) The plaintiff’s declaration must —(a) | exhibit any pre-action certificate relied on by the plaintiff, together with the application or joint request for the pre-action certificate and any affidavit or document filed for the application or joint request; | (b) | explain why the action is of an international and commercial nature, unless this is certified in a pre‑action certificate; and | (c) | exhibit a copy of the written jurisdiction agreement to which the plaintiff and defendant are party. |
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(6) The plaintiff’s declaration must be in such form as practice directions issued by the Registrar may specify. |
(7) Where the plaintiff’s declaration does not exhibit a pre‑action certificate certifying that the action is an offshore case, the plaintiff may, in addition to filing the plaintiff’s declaration, file an offshore case declaration. |
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Duration of originating process (O. 110, r. 5) |
5.—(1) A writ or an originating summons filed in the Court is valid in the first instance for 12 months beginning with the date of its issue.(2) Order 6, Rule 4(1) (validity of writ in first instance) does not apply to a writ or an originating summons filed in the Court. |
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Service of originating process (O. 110, r. 6) |
6.—(1) A writ or an originating summons filed in the Court, or in a case transferred to the Court, may be served in accordance with these Rules, subject to paragraphs (2), (3) and (4).(2) Leave under Order 11, Rule 1 is not required for the service of a writ or an originating summons outside of Singapore on a party to a written jurisdiction agreement. |
(3) A defendant who is a party to a written jurisdiction agreement and who is served with a writ outside of Singapore has 21 days (or such longer time as the Court may allow) after the service to enter an appearance. |
(4) Paragraph (2) does not affect the Court’s power to consider its jurisdiction under Rule 10. |
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JURISDICTION, JOINDER AND TRANSFER |
Jurisdiction (O. 110, r. 7) |
7.—(1) The Court has the jurisdiction to hear and try an action if —(a) | the claims between the plaintiffs and the defendants named in the originating process when it was first filed are of an international and commercial nature; | (b) | each plaintiff and defendant named in the originating process when it was first filed has submitted to the Court’s jurisdiction under a written jurisdiction agreement; and | (c) | the parties do not seek any relief in the form of, or connected with, a prerogative order (including a Mandatory Order7, a Prohibiting Order9, a Quashing Order10 or an Order for Review of Detention11). |
(2) In addition to paragraph (1), the Court has the jurisdiction to hear and determine —(a) | a case transferred to the Court under Rule 12; and | (b) | an originating summons under Order 52 for leave to commit a person for contempt in respect of any judgment or order made by the Court. |
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Court may decline to assume jurisdiction (O. 110, r. 8) |
8.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the Court may decline to assume jurisdiction in an action under Rule 7(1) if it is not appropriate for the action to be heard in the Court.(2) The Court must not decline to assume jurisdiction in an action solely on the ground that the dispute between the parties is connected to a jurisdiction other than Singapore, if there is a written jurisdiction agreement between the parties. |
(3) In exercising its discretion under paragraph (1), the Court shall have regard to its international and commercial character. |
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Joinder of other persons as parties (O. 110, r. 9) |
9.—(1) In an action where the Court has and assumes jurisdiction, or in a case transferred to the Court under Rule 12, a person may, subject to paragraph (2), be joined as a party (including as an additional plaintiff or defendant, or as a third or subsequent party) to the action if —(a) | the requirements in these Rules for joining the person are met; and | (b) | the claims by or against the person —(i) | do not include a claim for any relief in the form of, or connected with, a prerogative order (including a Mandatory Order7, a Prohibiting Order9, a Quashing Order10 or an Order for Review of Detention11); and | (ii) | are appropriate to be heard in the Court. |
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(2) A State or the sovereign of a State may not be made a party to an action in the Court unless the State or the sovereign has submitted to the jurisdiction of the Court under a written jurisdiction agreement. |
(3) In exercising its discretion under paragraph (1), the Court must have regard to its international and commercial character. |
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Court may consider jurisdiction and assumption of jurisdiction (O. 110, r. 10) |
10.—(1) In an action commenced in the Court, the Court may consider whether it has jurisdiction or whether it should decline to assume jurisdiction —(a) | on its own motion at any time (but shall not make a decision before hearing the parties); or | (b) | on an application by a party in accordance with Rule 11. |
(2) The Court must set aside any pre-action certificate certifying that an action is international or commercial in nature before it decides that it has no jurisdiction on the ground that the action is not international or commercial in nature, as the case may be. |
(3) Where the Court decides that it has no jurisdiction or declines to assume jurisdiction —(a) | the Court must transfer the proceedings to the High Court if —(i) | the Court considers that the High Court has and will assume jurisdiction in the case; and | (ii) | all parties consent to the proceedings being heard in the High Court; or |
| (b) | if the proceedings are not transferred to the High Court under sub-paragraph (a), the Court may dismiss or stay the proceedings, or make any other order it sees fit. |
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(4) Rule 12(5) applies where the Court transfers proceedings under paragraph (3)(a). |
(5) The following decisions of the Court under this Rule are final for the purposes of section 34(1)(e) of the Act, unless the Court or the Court of Appeal gives leave to appeal:(a) | a decision that the Court has and will assume jurisdiction; | (b) | a decision of the Court to transfer the proceedings to the High Court under paragraph (3)(a). |
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Application and procedure (O. 110, r. 11) |
11.—(1) Order 12, Rule 7 (dispute as to jurisdiction, etc.) shall apply where any party wishes to dispute the Court’s jurisdiction (including whether the Court should assume jurisdiction) in an action begun by writ, with the following modifications:(a) | an application by a defendant must be made within the time limited for serving a defence (excluding any extension of such time); | (b) | where there is exhibited according to Rule 43(1) a pre‑action certificate certifying that the action is of an international and commercial nature, a party may not challenge the Court’s jurisdiction on the ground that the action is not of an international or commercial nature unless the party applies to set aside the pre‑action certificate; | (c) | if the Court decides that it has no jurisdiction or declines to assume jurisdiction, Rule 10(3) applies. |
(2) Order 28, Rule 2A (dispute as to jurisdiction) shall apply where any party wishes to dispute the Court’s jurisdiction (including whether the Court should assume jurisdiction) in an action begun by originating summons, with the following modifications:(a) | where there is exhibited according to Rule 43(1) a pre‑action certificate certifying that the action is of an international and commercial nature, a party may not challenge the Court’s jurisdiction on the ground that the action is not of an international or commercial nature unless the party applies to set aside the pre‑action certificate; | (b) | if the Court decides that it has no jurisdiction or declines to assume jurisdiction, Rule 10(3) applies. |
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Transfer of proceedings to or from Court (O. 110, r. 12) |
12.—(1) A case commenced in the High Court may be transferred to the Court, and vice versa.(2) An order to transfer a case must be made by the court in which the case was commenced. |
(3) A case may be transferred from the Court to the High Court only if the following requirements are met:(a) | the Court considers that —(i) | the High Court has and will assume jurisdiction in the case; and | (ii) | it is more appropriate for the case to be heard in the High Court; |
| (b) | a party has, with the consent of all other parties, applied for the transfer in accordance with Rule 13. |
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(4) A case may be transferred from the High Court to the Court only if the following requirements are met:(a) | the High Court considers that —(i) | the requirements in Rule 7(1)(a) and (c) are met; | (ii) | the Court will assume jurisdiction in the case; and | (iii) | it is more appropriate for the case to be heard in the Court; |
| (b) | either —(i) | a party has, with the consent of all other parties, applied for the transfer in accordance with Rule 13; or | (ii) | the High Court, after hearing the parties, orders the transfer on its own motion. |
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(5) Where a case is transferred —(a) | the court to which the case is transferred must not reconsider whether it has or will assume jurisdiction; | (b) | the court to which the case is transferred may order that any matter already adduced in the proceedings is to remain in evidence, notwithstanding that different rules of evidence will apply in the court; | (c) | unless the court ordering the transfer otherwise directs, the parties must continue to pay the hearing fees and court fees payable in the court where the case was commenced; | (d) | the court ordering the transfer may make such consequential orders as it sees fit; and | (e) | the court to which the case is transferred may make such consequential orders as it sees fit, provided that such orders are not inconsistent with any orders made by the court ordering the transfer. |
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Application and procedure (O. 110, r. 13) |
13.—(1) An application for the purposes of Rule 12 must be made within the following times:(a) | where the proceedings are commenced by writ, within 28 days after the close of pleadings or after pleadings are deemed to be closed; | (b) | where the proceedings are commenced by originating summons, within 28 days after the service of the originating summons on the defendant. |
(2) The application must be made by summons and supported by an affidavit. |
(3) The supporting affidavit must —(a) | explain how the conditions for transfer under Rule 12(3) or (4), as the case may be, are satisfied; and | (b) | exhibit the parties’ consent to the transfer. |
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PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS AND INTERROGATORIES |
Production of documents (O. 110, r. 14) |
14.—(1) Each party must provide to the Court and to all other parties all documents available to it on which it relies, within the time and in the manner ordered by the Court.(2) A party may, with the Court’s leave, provide to the Court and all other parties additional documents on which the party intends to rely. |
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Request to produce (O. 110, r. 15) |
15.—(1) A party may serve a request to produce on any person (whether or not such person is a party to the proceedings) within the time ordered by the Court.(2) Where the requested person is not a party to the proceedings, the request to produce must be served personally. |
(3) A request to produce must —(a) | describe the requested documents with sufficient particularity in order for them to be produced; | (b) | state how the documents are relevant and material to the party’s case; | (c) | state the requesting party’s belief that the documents are in the possession, custody or power of the party to whom the request to produce is addressed, and the reasons for such belief; | (d) | state whether the documents are in the requesting party’s possession and, if so, explain why the documents are being requested; and | (e) | be signed by the requesting party or the requesting party’s counsel. |
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(4) Within the time ordered by the Court, the requested person must produce to the requesting party all the requested documents except those for which a notice of objection is served under Rule 16. |
(5) The requesting party must pay to the requested person the reasonable costs of complying with the request to produce. |
(6) In this Rule and Rules 16 and 17 —“requesting party” means a party serving a notice to produce; |
“requested person” means a person on whom a notice to produce is served. |
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Objection to production (O. 110, r. 16) |
16.—(1) A requested person who objects to producing any of the documents requested must serve a notice of objection on the requesting party —(a) | if the requested person is a party to the proceedings, within 14 days after being served with the request to produce; and | (b) | if the requested person is not a party to the proceedings, within 28 days after being served with the request to produce. |
(2) The notice of objection must state the reasons for the requested person’s objection and be signed by the requested person or the requested person’s counsel. |
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Application for Court to order production (O. 110, r. 17) |
17.—(1) The requesting party may, within 14 days after being served a notice of objection, apply to the Court by summons for an order to produce the documents objected to.(2) In an application under paragraph (1), the Court may order the production of the documents objected to if —(a) | the request to produce was made in accordance with Rule 15(3); and | (b) | none of the following objections apply:(i) | lack of sufficient relevance to the case or materiality to its outcome; | (ii) | legal impediment or privilege; | (iii) | unreasonable burden to produce the requested document; | (iv) | loss or destruction of the document that has been shown with reasonable likelihood to have occurred; | (v) | grounds of commercial or technical confidentiality that the Court determines to be compelling; | (vi) | grounds of special political or institutional sensitivity (including evidence that has been classified as secret by the Government, a foreign government or a public international institution) that the Court determines or the Attorney-General certifies to be compelling; | (vii) | such considerations of procedural economy, proportionality, fairness or equality of the parties as the Court determines to be compelling. |
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(3) Where the requested person is not a party to the action, the requesting party must, unless the Court otherwise orders, pay to the requested person the costs of the application and the reasonable costs of complying with any order made by the Court. |
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Pre-action production (O. 110, r. 18) |
18.—(1) An application may be made to the Court for the production of documents before the commencement of proceedings in the Court.(2) In an application under paragraph (1), the Court may order the production of the documents sought unless —(a) | the supporting affidavit does not contain the particulars required in Rule 19(3); | (b) | the Court is not satisfied that it has or would assume jurisdiction in the intended proceedings; or | (c) | any objection in Rule 17(2)(b) applies. |
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Application and procedure (O. 110, r. 19) |
19.—(1) An application for the purposes of Rule 18 must be made by originating summons and supported by an affidavit.(2) The originating summons and supporting affidavit must be served on the person from whom production is sought, who must be made a defendant to the originating summons. |
(3) The supporting affidavit must —(a) | describe the material facts relating to the intended proceedings, including whether the defendant is likely to be a party to the intended proceedings; | (b) | explain why the Court has and should assume jurisdiction over the intended proceedings; | (c) | describe the documents sought with sufficient particularity in order for them to be produced; | (d) | state how the documents are relevant and material to the intended proceedings; | (e) | state the applicant’s belief that the documents are in the possession, custody or power of the person to whom the request to produce is addressed, and the reasons for such belief; and | (f) | state whether the documents are in the requesting party’s possession and, if so, explain why the documents are being requested. |
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(4) Unless the Court otherwise orders, the applicant must pay to the person from whom production is sought the costs of the application and the reasonable costs of complying with any order made by the Court. |
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Production of copies instead of originals (O. 110, r. 20) |
20. A person required to produce a document under Rule 14, 15, 17 or 18 may produce a copy of the document, unless the Court orders, or a party requests, the inspection of the original. |
Order 24 inapplicable (O. 110, r. 21) |
21. Order 24 (discovery and inspection of documents) does not apply to proceedings in the Court. |
Interrogatories (O. 110, r. 22) |
22.—(1) A party to proceedings in the Court may serve on another party interrogatories relating to any matter in question between them.(2) A party must not serve interrogatories under paragraph (1) unless the interrogatories are relevant and material to the party’s case. |
(3) Where interrogatories are served, there must be a note at the end of the interrogatories specifying —(a) | the period of time (being not less than 14 days) after the date of service within which the interrogatories are to be answered; | (b) | where the party served with the interrogatories is an entity (including an unincorporated body), the person on whom the interrogatories are to be served; and | (c) | where the interrogatories are to be served on 2 or more parties, the interrogatories which each party is required to answer. |
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(4) A party served with interrogatories must respond, within the time specified under paragraph (3)(a), by serving —(a) | the answers to the interrogatories in an affidavit; or | (b) | a notice of objection stating the reasons for objecting to the interrogatories. |
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(5) The party serving the interrogatories may, if dissatisfied with the response of the party served with the interrogatories, apply to Court by way of a summons supported by an affidavit, and the Court may make such orders as it sees fit. |
(6) Order 26 (interrogatories) and Order 26A (interrogatories before action) do not apply to proceedings in the Court. |
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Court may specify applicable rules of evidence (O. 110, r. 23) |
23.—(1) The Court may, on the application of a party, order that —(a) | any rule of evidence found in Singapore law, whether under the Evidence Act (Cap. 97), in these Rules (but not in this Order) or elsewhere, shall not apply; and | (b) | such other rules of evidence (if any), whether such rules are found in foreign law or otherwise, shall apply instead. |
(2) An application under paragraph (1) can only be made if all parties agree on —(a) | the rules of evidence that shall not apply for the purposes of paragraph (1)(a); and | (b) | any rules of evidence that shall apply instead for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b). |
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(3) In making an order under paragraph (1), the Court may, for the just, expeditious and economical disposal of the proceedings —(a) | modify the parties’ agreement under paragraph (2), but only with the parties’ consent; and | (b) | stipulate such further conditions that supplement and are consistent with the parties’ agreement (or modified agreement) as the Court sees fit. |
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(4) The Court may, from time to time, amend or supplement any order under paragraph (1), but only in accordance with paragraph (3) and after hearing the parties. |
(5) Despite any order under paragraph (1), the Court must exclude from evidence any document or statement (whether oral or written) where there are grounds of special political or institutional sensitivity (including anything that has been classified as secret by the Government, a foreign government or a public international institution) that the Court determines or the Attorney-General certifies to be compelling. |
(6) In this Rule and Rule 24, “rule of evidence” includes any rule of law relating to privilege or the taking of evidence. |
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Application and procedure (O. 110, r. 24) |
24.—(1) An application for an order for the purposes of Rule 23(1) must be made by summons and supported by an affidavit.(2) The supporting affidavit must —(a) | state the rules of evidence found in Singapore law that the parties agree shall not apply; | (b) | state any other rules of evidence that the parties agree shall apply instead; and | (c) | exhibit a copy of the rules of evidence proposed to be applied, where this is practicable. |
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(3) For the purposes of paragraph (2)(a) and (b), a general description of the relevant rules of evidence is sufficient if it is not practicable to state each rule of evidence. |
(4) Where an order under Rule 23(1) is made before the time for filing a bundle under Order 34, Rule 3(1), it must be included in the bundle. |
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Foreign law may be determined on basis of submissions (O. 110, r. 25) |
25.—(1) The Court may, on the application of a party, order that any question of foreign law be determined on the basis of submissions (which may be oral or written or both) instead of proof.(2) Before making an order under paragraph (1), the Court must be satisfied that all parties are or will be represented by counsel who are competent to submit on the relevant questions of foreign law. |
(3) An order under paragraph (1) shall specify one or more persons who may make submissions on the relevant questions of foreign law on behalf on each party. |
(4) Where a person specified under paragraph (3) does not have a right of audience before the Court, the order shall be conditional on the person —(a) | being an advocate and solicitor who has in force a practising certificate; | (b) | being admitted to practise as an advocate and solicitor under section 15 of the Legal Profession Act (Cap. 161); or | (c) | being registered under section 36P of that Act. |
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(5) Subject to Rule 27, an order under paragraph (1) is final for the purposes of section 34(1)(e) of the Act. |
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Effect of order on proceedings in Court (O. 110, r. 26) |
26.—(1) Where the Court makes an order under Rule 25(1), paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) are to apply.(2) The aspect of foreign law in question need not be proved. |
(3) Subject to any directions by the Court, the parties’ submissions may address any matter that would have been relevant to proving the aspect of foreign law in question. |
(4) The Court may, in addition to considering the parties’ submissions, have regard to the following when determining the relevant questions of foreign law:(a) | the legislation of the foreign country; | (b) | the decisions of the courts of the foreign country; | (c) | any judgment of the Court of Appeal, the High Court or the Court relating to similar questions of foreign law; | (d) | any other material that, in the opinion of the Court, is authoritative or persuasive in determining or interpreting the aspect of the foreign law in question. |
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Setting aside and variation of order (O. 110, r. 27) |
27.—(1) The Court may set aside an order under Rule 25(1) on the application of a party, or on its own motion after hearing the parties, if —(a) | a person allowed to submit on the relevant questions of foreign law is not, or ceases to be —(i) | an advocate and solicitor who has in force a practising certificate; | (ii) | admitted to practise as an advocate and solicitor under section 15 of the Legal Profession Act (Cap. 161); or | (iii) | registered under section 36P of that Act; or |
| (b) | a person allowed to make submissions on the relevant questions of foreign law on behalf of a party no longer acts for the party. |
(2) Instead of setting aside under paragraph (1) an order under Rule 25(1), the Court may, on the application of a party, vary the order to allow another person to make submissions on the relevant questions of foreign law on behalf of the party. |
(3) Rule 25(2), (3) and (4) applies, with the necessary modifications, to an order under Rule 25(1) that is varied under paragraph (2). |
(4) Where an order under Rule 25(1) is set aside under paragraph (1), a party may apply again for another order under Rule 25(1). |
(5) The Court’s decision to set aside an order under Rule 25(1) is final for the purposes of section 34(1)(e) of the Act. |
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Application and procedure (O. 110, r. 28) |
28.—(1) An application for an order under Rule 25(1), or for the variation of under Rule 27(2) of such an order, must be made by summons and supported by an affidavit.(2) The affidavit must —(a) | state the questions of foreign law that the party is applying to be determined on the basis of submissions; | (b) | state the person who will be making submissions on behalf of the party on the questions of foreign law; | (c) | exhibit the curricula vitae of the person, in particular the person’s qualifications and experience in relation to the relevant aspect of the foreign law; | (d) | state whether that person is —(i) | an advocate and solicitor who has in force a practising certificate; | (ii) | admitted to practise as an advocate and solicitor under section 15 of the Legal Profession Act (Cap. 161); or | (iii) | registered under section 36P of that Act; |
| (e) | if that person does not fall under sub-paragraph (d), exhibit an undertaking by the person to apply to be registered under section 36P of that Act within 7 days after the date on which the order is made; and | (f) | where applicable, exhibit any agreement between the parties for an order under Rule 25(1) to be made or varied. |
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(3) Where an application under paragraph (1) is filed, the Court may order all other parties (or their counsel) to each file an affidavit stating fully the qualifications and experience of each counsel of the party in relation to the relevant area of foreign law. |
(4) Where an order under Rule 25(1) is made before the time for filing a bundle under Order 34, Rule 3(1), it must be included in the bundle. |
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Proceedings in Court of Appeal (O. 110, r. 29) |
29.—(1) In an appeal from a judgment or an order of the Court, the Court of Appeal may determine any question of foreign law on the basis of submissions and in accordance with Rule 26 if —(a) | the question of foreign law has been ordered by the Court to be determined on the basis of submissions; or | (b) | the question of foreign law has been ordered by the Court of Appeal, on its own motion or on an application by a party, to be determined on the basis of submissions. |
(2) Instead of determining any question of foreign law under paragraph (1), the Court of Appeal may remit any question of foreign law to the Court for the Court’s decision. |
(3) Rules 25(2), (3) and (4) and 27 apply, with the necessary modifications, to an order under paragraph (1)(b). |
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Confidentiality, etc. (O. 110, r. 30) |
30.—(1) The Court may, on the application of a party, make all or any of the following orders:(a) | an order that the case be heard in camera; | (b) | an order that no person must reveal or publish any information or document relating to the case; | (c) | an order that the Court file be sealed. |
(2) In deciding whether to make an order under paragraph (1), the Court may have regard to —(a) | whether the case is an offshore case; and | (b) | any agreement between the parties on the making of such an order. |
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(3) Where there is exhibited in accordance with Rule 43(1) a pre-action certificate stating that all or any of the orders under Rule 39(1)(c) should be made, the Court is to be treated as having made those orders under paragraph (1), subject to Rule 31 and any exception, condition or direction stated in the pre-action certificate. |
(4) An order under paragraph (1) may be made with or without exceptions or conditions, including any directions on what information relating to the proceedings may be published. |
(5) An application under paragraph (1) must be made by summons and supported by an affidavit. |
(6) The affidavit may exhibit any agreement between the applicant and any other party on the matters under paragraph (1). |
(7) The parties must notify the Registrar of an order made, or treated as made, under paragraph (1) (including any exceptions, conditions and directions). |
(8) An order made, or treated as made, under paragraph (1) (including any exceptions, conditions and directions) takes effect on the date the Registrar is notified of the order under paragraph (7). |
(9) Paragraph (8) does not affect any obligation imposed on a party by an order made, or treated as made, under paragraph (1). |
(10) Where the Court file is sealed, no person other than a party may inspect the file, unless the leave of the Court is obtained. |
(11) An application for leave under paragraph (10) must be served on all parties, and any party who wishes to oppose the application may file an affidavit within 7 days after being served the application. |
(12) Subject to paragraph (13), the Court may at any time set aside an order under paragraph (1) on the application of a party. |
(13) Where paragraph (3) applies, the Court must not set aside the pre-action certificate except in accordance with Rule 44. |
(14) The Court’s decision whether to make or set aside an order under paragraph (1) is final for the purposes of section 34(1)(e) of the Act. |
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Reports of judgments of major legal interest (O. 110, r. 31) |
31.—(1) Despite any order under Rule 30(1), but subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the Court must direct that a judgment made by the Court may be published in law reports and professional publications if the Court considers the judgment to be of major legal interest.(2) A party may, at any time before the Court delivers its judgment, inform the Court of any matter that the party wishes to remain confidential (including the fact that the party was involved in the proceedings). |
(3) Where the Court considers that there are any matters which a party reasonably wishes to remain confidential, the Court must —(a) | give directions for those matters to be concealed in publishing the judgment of the Court; or | (b) | if it is not possible or practicable for the judgment of the Court to be published without revealing those matters, give directions for the judgment not to be published for 10 years after the date of the judgment, or such shorter period as the Court may order. |
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Validity of acts done by registered foreign lawyer (O. 110, r. 32) |
32. The validity of anything done in any proceedings in the Court or any appeal from the Court is not affected by the fact that —(a) | a party was represented by a registered foreign lawyer; and | (b) | the proceedings are not or have ceased to be relevant proceedings as defined in section 36O(1) of the Legal Profession Act (Cap. 161), or the appeal is not or has ceased to be a relevant appeal as defined in that provision, as the case may be. |
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Notice of counsel on record (O. 110, r. 33) |
33.—(1) A party to proceedings in the Court must file and serve a notice stating all the counsel acting for the party in the proceedings.(2) The notice in paragraph (1) must be in Form 251 and must be filed —(a) | where the proceedings are commenced in the Court —(i) | by the plaintiff, upon the commencement of the proceedings; and | (ii) | by any other party, when that party first files any document in the proceedings; or |
| (b) | where the proceedings are transferred to the Court —(i) | by the parties at the time the proceedings are transferred, upon the transfer of the proceedings; and | (ii) | by any other party, when that party first files any document in the proceedings. |
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(3) If a party to proceedings in the Court or in an appeal from the Court changes the counsel acting for him, or appoints a counsel to act for him after acting in person, the party must file and serve a notice in Form 252 within 7 days after the change or appointment, as the case may be. |
(4) Order 64, Rules 1 and 2 do not apply to any proceedings in the Court or any appeal from the Court. |
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When action may be treated as offshore case (O. 110, r. 34) |
34. An action is to be treated as an offshore case in any of the following circumstances, unless the Court subsequently decides that the action is not or is no longer an offshore case:(a) | there is exhibited, in accordance with Rule 43(1), a pre-action certificate stating that an intended action is an offshore case; | (b) | a party has filed an offshore case declaration; | (c) | the Court decides under Rule 36 that the action is an offshore case. |
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Offshore case declaration (O. 110, r. 35) |
35.—(1) Where there is no pre-action certificate exhibited in an action certifying that the action is an offshore case, a party to an action may file an offshore case declaration in accordance with this Rule.(2) An offshore case declaration must be in such form as practice directions issued by the Registrar may specify. |
(3) An offshore case declaration must be filed —(a) | by the plaintiff, together with the originating process; or | (b) | by any other party, together with the first document filed by the party in the action. |
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(4) An offshore case declaration must explain why the action is an offshore case, and state all the facts relevant to the explanation. |
(5) An offshore case declaration must be served on all other parties to the action. |
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Decision that action is offshore case (O. 110, r. 36) |
36.—(1) A party may apply to the Court for a decision that an action is an offshore case.(2) An application under paragraph (1) shall be made within the following times:(a) | for the plaintiff and the defendant in proceedings commenced by writ, within 28 days after the close of pleadings; | (b) | for a third or subsequent party in proceedings commenced by writ, within 28 days after the close of pleadings in the third party action or the subsequent party action, as the case may be; | (c) | for the plaintiff and the defendant in proceedings commenced by originating summons, within 28 days after the service of the originating summons on the defendant; | (d) | for a third or subsequent party in proceedings commenced by originating summons, within 28 days after the service of the originating summons on the third party or subsequent party, as the case may be. |
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(3) The application must be made by summons and supported by an affidavit. |
(4) The supporting affidavit must state all the relevant facts and the reasons for deciding whether the action is an offshore case. |
(5) The application and the supporting affidavit must be served on all parties to the proceedings and any other person that the Court considers may have an interest in the application. |
(6) A party who wishes to oppose the application may file an affidavit within 7 days after being served the application and the supporting affidavit. |
(7) An interested person (other than a party) who wishes to oppose the application may, with the leave of the Court, file an affidavit. |
(8) The Court may decide that an action is not an offshore case even though the application is not opposed. |
(9) Subject to Rule 37, the Court’s decision as to whether an action is an offshore case is final for the purposes of section 34(1)(e) of the Act. |
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Decision that action is not offshore case (O. 110, r. 37) |
37.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the Court may at any time decide that an action is not or is no longer an offshore case, either on its own motion or on the application of a person.(2) An application for the purposes of paragraph (1) —(a) | must be made by summons; | (b) | may be made by a party at any time; | (c) | may be made by an interested person (other than a party) at any time, but only with the leave of the Court; | (d) | must be supported by an affidavit stating all the relevant facts and reasons for determining whether the action is an offshore case; and | (e) | must, together with the supporting affidavit, be served on all parties to the proceedings. |
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(3) A party opposing an application may file an affidavit within 7 days after being served the application and the supporting affidavit. |
(4) The Court must set aside any pre-action certificate certifying that an action is an offshore case before it decides that an action is not an offshore case. |
(5) Where the Court decides that an action is not or is no longer an offshore case —(a) | any offshore case declaration filed in the case ceases to have effect; | (b) | the Court may, in the interests of the just, economical and expeditious disposal of the proceedings, allow a party who has been represented by a foreign lawyer to continue to be so represented, subject to any conditions that the Court may impose; and | (c) | the Court may make any consequential order it deems fit. |
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(6) The Court’s decision as to whether an action is an offshore case is final for the purposes of section 34(1)(e) of the Act. |
(7) Despite paragraph (5), the Court may, in accordance with this Rule, decide that an action is no longer an offshore case, even though it previously decided that the action is an offshore case. |
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General provisions (O. 110, r. 38) |
38.—(1) If a person who intends to commence an action in the Court, or who may be a party to an action commenced in the Court, wishes to obtain a certification on the matters in Rule 39(1), the person may apply for a pre-action certificate in accordance with Rule 40 or 41.(2) A pre-action certificate may certify all or any of the matters specified in Rule 39(1). |
(3) If a pre-action certificate is exhibited in an action in accordance with Rule 43(1), it is conclusive as to the matters therein certified, unless set aside under Rule 44. |
(4) To avoid doubt —(a) | a person does not need to apply for or obtain a pre‑action certificate in order to bring an action in the Court; | (b) | a person who has not applied for or who has been refused a pre-action certificate is not thereby precluded from bringing an action in the Court, filing a plaintiff’s declaration or an offshore case declaration; and | (c) | the pre-action certificate procedure is not applicable to a case transferred to the Court (instead of commenced in the Court). |
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Matters that may be certified by pre-action certificate (O. 110, r. 39) |
39.—(1) A pre-action certificate may certify all or any of the following matters:(a) | the claims in an intended action are of an international and commercial nature for the purposes of Rule 7(1)(a); | (b) | an intended action is an offshore case; | (c) | that there should be all or any of the following orders in the intended action:(i) | an order that the intended action be heard in camera; | (ii) | an order that no person must reveal or publish any information or document relating to the case; | (iii) | an order that the Court file for the intended action be sealed. |
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(2) To avoid doubt, certification that an action is of an international and commercial nature for the purposes of Rule 7(1)(a) does not by itself mean that the Court has or would assume jurisdiction in that action. |
(3) For paragraph (1)(c), the pre-action certificate may be subject to any exceptions or conditions imposed by the Judge or Registrar issuing the certificate, including any directions on what information relating to the intended action may be published. |
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Joint request for pre-action certificate (O. 110, r. 40) |
40.—(1) A joint request for a pre-action certificate may be made by a person intending to commence an action in the Court together with a person who will be named as a defendant in that action when it is first filed.(2) A joint request must be in such form as practice directions issued by the Registrar may specify. |
(3) The joint request must be supported by a statement —(a) | describing the intended action; | (b) | stating all the facts and reasons that are relevant to deciding whether the relevant matters under Rule 39(1) ought to be certified; and | (c) | exhibiting a copy of the written jurisdiction agreement that will be relied on in the intended action. |
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(4) A joint request may be summarily decided by a Judge or the Registrar without hearing the parties. |
(5) The decision on the joint request is an administrative decision and not a judgment or an order of the Court. |
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Single-party application for pre-action certificate (O. 110, r. 41) |
41.—(1) A person who intends to commence an action in the Court or who may be a party to an intended action in the Court may, if the person does not wish or is not able to make a joint request under Rule 40, make an application for a pre-action certificate by an ex parte originating summons.(2) The application must be supported by an affidavit. |
(3) The supporting affidavit must —(a) | describe the intended action; | (b) | state all the facts and reasons that are relevant to deciding whether the relevant matters under Rule 39(1) ought to be certified; and | (c) | exhibit a copy of the written jurisdiction agreement proposed to be relied on in the intended action for the purposes of Rule 7(1)(b). |
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(4) The Judge or Registrar hearing the application may order it to be served on any person. |
(5) The Court must, on its own motion, consider whether to make any or all of the following orders:(a) | an order that the application be heard in camera; | (b) | an order that no person must reveal or publish any information or document relating to the application; | (c) | an order that the Court file for the application be sealed. |
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Grant of pre-action certificate (O. 110, r. 42) |
42.—(1) A Judge or the Registrar may grant a pre-action certificate if the Judge or Registrar is satisfied that the relevant matters under Rule 39(1) ought to be certified in relation to the intended action.(2) A decision to grant or refuse a pre-action certificate is final for the purposes of section 34(1)(e) of the Act. |
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Effect of pre-action certificate (O. 110, r. 43) |
43.—(1) Unless set aside under Rule 44, a pre-action certificate granted by a Judge or the Registrar and issued by the Registry is conclusive as to the matters therein stated if, within 6 months after the date on which the certificate was granted —(a) | the certificate is exhibited in the plaintiff’s declaration in an action commenced in the Court; or | (b) | the certificate is exhibited (together with the application or joint request for the pre-action certificate and any affidavit or document filed in the application or joint request) by any other party together with the first document filed by that party in the action. |
(2) The time within which a pre-action certificate may be exhibited under paragraph (1) cannot be extended. |
(3) A pre-action certificate lapses 6 months after the date on which it was granted, unless it is exhibited in accordance with paragraph (1). |
(4) The lapsing of a pre-action certificate does not preclude any person from applying for another pre-action certificate. |
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Setting aside of pre-action certificate (O. 110, r. 44) |
44.—(1) A pre-action certificate that is exhibited in an action in accordance with Rule 43(1) may be set aside in accordance with this Rule.(2) A pre-action certificate may be set aside —(a) | on the Court’s own motion; | (b) | on the application of a party to the action; or | (c) | on the application of a person who is not a party to the action, but only with the leave of the Court. |
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(3) Subject to paragraph (4), a pre-action certificate may be set aside on the following grounds:(a) | on a review of all the facts before the Court (including the facts relied on in the application for the pre-action certificate), the matters certified in the pre-action certificate should not have been certified in respect of the action; | (b) | on a review of the facts that have emerged since the grant of the pre-action certificate, the matters certified in the pre-action certificate should not have been certified in respect of the action; | (c) | the pre-action certificate was obtained on the basis of materially inaccurate facts. |
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(4) A party to a joint request or an application for a pre-action certificate (including a person on whom an application was served) may not apply to set aside the pre-action certificate on the basis of paragraph (3)(a). |
(5) A pre-action certificate may be set aside wholly or in part. |
(6) An application to set aside a pre-action certificate under paragraph (2) —(a) | must be made by summons; | (b) | must be supported by an affidavit explaining why the pre-action certificate should be set aside; and | (c) | must, together with the supporting affidavit, be served on the parties to the action in which the pre-action certificate is exhibited, and on such other persons as the Court may direct. |
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(7) The Court’s decision whether to set aside a pre-action certificate is final for the purposes of section 34(1)(e) of the Act. |
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Security for costs (O. 110, r. 45) |
45.—(1) Subject to this Rule, Order 23 (security for costs) is to apply to proceedings in the Court.(2) Where proceedings are begun in the Court, the plaintiff may not be ordered to give security for the defendant’s costs solely because —(a) | the plaintiff is an individual who is ordinarily resident out of the jurisdiction; or | (b) | the plaintiff is a corporation or some other entity —(i) | that is constituted under the law of a country other than Singapore; | (ii) | whose central management or control is exercised outside Singapore; or | (iii) | whose place of business is outside Singapore. |
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(3) In paragraph (2), “plaintiff” includes a defendant who brings a counterclaim or a third party action. |
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46.—(1) The unsuccessful party in any application or proceedings in the Court must pay the reasonable costs of the application or proceedings to the successful party, unless the Court orders otherwise.(2) The unsuccessful party in any appeal from the Court to the Court of Appeal must pay the reasonable costs of the appeal to the successful party, unless the Court of Appeal orders otherwise. |
(3) For the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), the court may, in particular —(a) | apportion costs between the parties if the court determines that apportionment is reasonable, taking into account the circumstances of the case; | (b) | take into account such circumstances as the court considers relevant, including the conduct of the case; | (c) | order costs to be paid by counsel personally, or by a person who is not a party; | (d) | order interest on costs; or | (e) | make any ancillary order, including an order as to the time and manner of payment. |
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(4) Paragraphs (1), (2) and (3) are subject to paragraph (5) and Rules 15(5), 17(3) and 19(4). |
(5) If the defendant in an action begun by writ pays the amount claimed within the time and in the manner required by the endorsement on the writ, the costs allowed are to be fixed at $5,000. |
(6) Order 59 (costs) does not apply to —(a) | proceedings in the Court; | (b) | appeals from the Court to the Court of Appeal; or | (c) | applications to the Court of Appeal in relation to such appeals or in relation to proceedings in the Court. |
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Court fees (O. 110, r. 47) |
47.—(1) This Rule applies to —(a) | a case commenced in the Court; | (b) | a case commenced in the Court and subsequently transferred to the High Court, unless the Court orders that the fees chargeable for proceedings commenced in the High Court should be payable instead; | (c) | a case commenced in the High Court and subsequently transferred to the Court, but only if the High Court has ordered that the fees chargeable for proceedings commenced in the Court should be payable instead; | (d) | an appeal from a judgment or an order of the Court in a case under sub-paragraph (a), (b) or (c); and | (e) | an application to the Court of Appeal in relation to an appeal under sub‑paragraph (d) or a case under sub‑paragraph (a), (b) or (c). |
(2) The following fees are payable for proceedings in the Court to which this Rule applies: | | | |
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1. | Upon the filing of an ex parte originating summons for a pre-action certificate (inclusive of the first half-day hearing) |
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| | | The applicant, unless otherwise ordered by the Court |
| 2. | Upon commencement of the action, entry of appearance to the action, a person being joined as a party to the action (including being joined as an additional plaintiff or defendant, or a third or subsequent party) or a defendant first filing a document in an action commenced by originating summons |
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| | | (i) | By the plaintiff upon filing an originating process |
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(ii) | By any other party upon filing of the first document by that party |
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| 3. | Upon the first notification to the parties of a hearing for directions on case management (for writ actions only) |
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| | | | 4. | Upon certification of the exchange of affidavits of evidence-in-chief (for writ actions only) |
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| | | | 5. | Upon setting down the cause or matter for trial (for writ actions only) |
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| | | | 6. | For the filing of an interlocutory application (inclusive of the first half-day hearing) |
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| | | The applicant, unless otherwise ordered by the Court |
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(3) The following fees are payable for appeals from the Court to the Court of Appeal to which this Rule applies (including applications to the Court of Appeal in relation to such appeals or in relation to proceedings in the Court): | Single-Judge Court of Appeal |
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1. | Upon filing of the Appellant’s Case or the Respondent’s Case |
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| | | | | | 2. | For the filing of an application (inclusive of the first half‑day hearing) |
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| | | | | The applicant, unless otherwise ordered by the Court of Appeal |
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(4) The fees to be paid for the use of a technology Court and the facilities thereof, and for the use, preparation, and any matter related to the use, of a computer presentation system are to be determined by the Chief Justice from time to time. |
(5) The fees in Appendix BA are payable for proceedings to which this Rule applies. |
(6) A person joined as a party (including an additional plaintiff or defendant, or a third or subsequent party) to a case is required to pay the fees payable under paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (5) (so far as they are applicable) in accordance with any directions of the Court. |
(7) The fees payable under this Rule are to be collected in such manner as may from time to time be directed by the Chief Justice. |
(8) The Registrar may in any case waive or defer the payment of the whole or any part of the fees payable under this Rule, with or without conditions. |
(9) Order 90B (court fees for core bundles) and Order 91 (court fees) do not apply to proceedings to which this Rule applies. |
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Hearing fees (O. 110, r. 48) |
48.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), this Rule applies to —(a) | a case commenced in the Court; | (b) | a case commenced in the Court but subsequently transferred to the High Court, unless the Court orders that the fees chargeable for proceedings commenced in the High Court should be payable instead; | (c) | a case commenced in the High Court but subsequently transferred to the Court, but only if the High Court has ordered that the fees chargeable for proceedings commenced in the Court should be payable instead; | (d) | an appeal from a judgment or an order of the Court in a case under sub‑paragraph (a), (b) or (c); and | (e) | an application to the Court of Appeal in relation to an appeal under sub‑paragraph (d) or a case under sub‑paragraph (a), (b) or (c). |
(2) The following fees are payable for proceedings in the Court to which this Rule applies: | Single-Judge Court or hearing by Registrar |
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1. | For each additional half-day of hearing an ex parte originating summons for a pre-action certificate |
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| | | The applicant, unless otherwise ordered by the Court |
| 2. | For each day (or part thereof) of trial or the hearing of an originating summons |
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| | | The plaintiff, unless otherwise ordered by the Court |
| 3. | For each day (or part thereof) of a hearing for the assessment of damages or taking of accounts |
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| | | The plaintiff, unless otherwise ordered by the Court |
| 4. | For each additional half‑day of interlocutory hearing or part thereof after the first half‑day |
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| | | The applicant, unless otherwise ordered by the Court |
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(3) The following fees are payable for appeals from the Court to the Court of Appeal to which this Rule applies (including applications in relation to such appeals or in relation to proceedings in the Court): | Single-Judge Court of Appeal |
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1. | For each day (or part thereof) of hearing of an appeal |
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| | | | | The appellant, unless otherwise ordered by the Court of Appeal |
| 2. | For each additional half‑day of hearing of an application or part thereof after the first half‑day |
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| | | | | The applicant, unless otherwise ordered by the Court of Appeal |
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(4) The Registrar may in any case waive or defer the payment of the whole or any part of the fees payable under this Rule, with or without conditions. |
(5) Order 90A (hearing fees) does not apply to proceedings to which this Rule applies. |
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49.—(1) A party to a case commenced in the Court must pay to the Registrar a deposit of such amount and in such form as practice directions may specify.(2) The deposit must be paid —(a) | by the plaintiff, upon the filing of the originating process; and | (b) | by any other party, upon the filing of that party’s first document in the case. |
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(3) The Registrar may deduct from a party’s deposit any fee payable by the party in the case. |
(4) A party must replace any amount deducted from the party’s deposit within 14 days after the date of the Registrar’s notification to do so. |
(5) The Registrar must maintain a ledger of the deposits made by a party and the deductions made from those deposits. |
(6) After the conclusion of the case, the Registrar must refund to each party the balance of the party’s deposit. |
(7) To avoid doubt, no interest is payable on any deposit placed with the Registrar under this Rule. |
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Registrar may refuse to administer proceedings if fees or deposits unpaid (O. 110, r. 50) |
50.—(1) Subject to paragraph (3), the Registrar may refuse to administer or continue administering proceedings to which this Order applies if any fee or deposit payable for the proceedings is not paid.(2) For the purposes of paragraph (1), the Registrar may refuse to administer the whole or any part of the proceedings in relation to the party in default. |
(3) Any party may pay to the Registrar any unpaid fee or deposit, and upon the full payment of all fees and deposits, the Registrar must administer or continue to administer the proceedings. |
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Dispensation with oral arguments (O. 110, r. 51) |
51. The Court may, with the parties’ consent, decide any matter without hearing oral arguments. |
Judge to assess damages (O. 110, r. 52) |
52.—(1) Subject to this Rule, Order 37 (assessment of damages) is to apply to proceedings in the Court.(2) Damages are to be assessed by the Judge who gave judgment for damages to be assessed, unless the Judge orders the Registrar to assess the damages. |
(3) Where damages are to be assessed by a Judge under paragraph (2), the references in Order 37 to the Registrar are to be construed as references to the Judge. |
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Constitution of Court and Court of Appeal (O. 110, r. 53) |
53.—(1) Proceedings in the Court must be heard before 3 Judges if —(a) | the parties so agree, unless the Chief Justice directs otherwise; or | (b) | the Chief Justice so directs. |
(2) Proceedings in the Court of Appeal in an appeal from the Court must be heard before 5 Judges of Appeal if —(a) | the parties so agree, unless the Chief Justice directs otherwise; or | (b) | the Chief Justice so directs. |
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Practice directions (O. 110, r. 54) |
54. The Registrar may issue a separate set of practice directions relating to proceedings to which this Order applies. |
55. The Forms in Appendix A may be used, with any necessary modifications, in proceedings to which this Order applies.”. |
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