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Singapore Armed Forces Act 1972

Status:

Current version
as at 24 Nov 2024

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Singapore Armed Forces Act 1972

Table of Contents

Long Title

Part 1 PRELIMINARY

1 Short title and commencement

2 Interpretation

3 Application

4 Liability for military offences

5 (Repealed)

6 Jurisdiction of civil courts

Part 2 ORGANISATION OF SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES

7 Establishment and organisation of Singapore Armed Forces

8 Establishment of Armed Forces Council

8A Armed Forces Council to provide for certain matters

8B Quorum

8C Committees appointed by Armed Forces Council

9 Style, seal and proceedings of Armed Forces Council

10 Appointment of officers

10A Appointment of Chief of Defence Force and Service Chiefs

10B Appointment of warrant officers

10C Appointment of senior military experts

Part 3 MILITARY OFFENCES

11 Misconduct in action

12 Assisting enemy

13 Unauthorised disclosure of information

14 Offences in connection with captivity

15 Mutiny

16 Offences by or in relation to sentries, persons on watch, etc.

17 Disobedience of, non-compliance with lawful orders, etc.

18 Looting

19 Insubordinate behaviour

20 Obstruction of military policemen

21 Disobedience of general orders

22 Absence without leave

23 Desertion

24 Failure to report deserters and absentees

25 Conduct to prejudice of good order or discipline

26 Cruel, indecent or disgraceful conduct

27 Non-prevention of offences

28 Ill-treatment

29 Abuse of authority

30 Personation and excess of authority

31 Creating despondency or alarm

32 Malingering

33 Intoxication

34 Possession, etc., of drugs or psychoactive substances

35 Abandonment of aircraft or vessel

36 Causing or allowing any ship, vessel or aircraft to be lost or hazarded

37 Offences by commanding officer in relation to ship, vessel or aircraft taken as prize

38 Further offences in relation to ship, vessel or aircraft taken as prize

39 Offences by officer, etc., serving in ship involved in convoying and protection of vessel

40 Disobeying lawful command of captain of ship

41 Endangering life or property

42 Damage to, and loss of, Singapore Armed Forces property, etc.

43 Dishonest misappropriation of Singapore Armed Forces property

44 Misapplication and waste of Singapore Armed Forces property

45 Unlawful arrest

46 Resistance to arrest

47 Escape and permitting escape and unlawful release from custody

48 Contempt

49 False evidence

50 Falsification of documents

51 Refusing medical or dental examination and treatment

52 Obstructing investigation

53 Inaccurate certification

54 Dangerous flying, etc.

55 Low flying

56 Annoyance by flying

57 Irregular arrest and confinement

58 Abetments and attempts

59 Justification, excuse and defence

Part 4 SUMMARY TRIAL BY DISCIPLINARY OFFICERS AND COMPOSITION OF MILITARY OFFENCES

60 Interpretation of this Part

61 Summary disposal of charges for offences not specified in First Schedule

62 Charges and jurisdiction

63 Powers of junior disciplinary officer when dealing with charge

64 Powers of senior disciplinary officer when dealing with charge

65 Powers of superior commander when dealing with charge

65A Powers of Service Chief when dealing with charge

65B Powers of Chief of Defence Force when dealing with charge

66 Dismissal of charges

67 Remission of case for trial or otherwise

68 Powers of punishment of junior disciplinary officer

69 Powers of punishment of senior disciplinary officer

70 Powers of punishment of superior commander

70A Powers of punishment of Service Chief

70B Powers of punishment of Chief of Defence Force

71 Detention in default of fine

72 Power of Senior Disciplinary Committee

73 Compensation

74 Recovery of compensation

75 Power to quash finding of disciplinary officer

76 Inapplicability of law of evidence

77 Right of accused to elect for trial by subordinate military court

78 Time limits for summary trial

79 Record of proceedings

79A Composition of offences under this Part

Part 5 TRIAL BY SUBORDINATE MILITARY COURTS

80 Subordinate military courts

80A General courts martial panel

81 Constitution and jurisdiction of general courts martial

82 Judge Advocate-General, judge advocates and legal personnel

83 Field general courts martial

84 Ineligibility

85 Members of subordinate military courts may belong to same or different units

86 Record of proceedings

87 Oath and affirmation

88 Challenges by accused

89 Effect of death or sickness on and adjournment of subordinate military court

90 Power to convict for offence other than that charged

91 Power to order restitution of stolen property

92 Decision

93 Regulations of procedure

94 Application of Criminal Procedure Code 2010

95 Procedure in absence of provisions

96 Proceedings not to be set aside

97 Application of general rules of evidence

98 Military documents as evidence

99 Certificate relating to controlled drug, etc.

100 (Repealed)

101 Transcript

102 Representation

103 Publicity

104 Proceedings in private

105 Publications and photographs

106 Investigation materials before a field general court martial

107 Independence of subordinate military courts

Supplementary provisions as to trial

108 Person not to be tried twice

109 Trial and punishment of offences where offender ceases to be subject to military law

110 Liability to military law in respect of place of commission of offence

111 Limitation of time for trial of offences

112 Trial of civil offences

113 Summoning and privilege of witnesses at subordinate military courts and misconduct of civilians thereat

114 Evidence of civil conviction or acquittal

115 Evidence of conviction of subordinate military court

Review of findings and sentences of subordinate military courts

116 Review of findings and sentences of subordinate military courts by reviewing authority

117 Power to order a re‑trial

Part 6 PUNISHMENTS OF MILITARY OFFENCES AND EXECUTION OF SENTENCES

Punishments

118 Scale of punishments, etc.

119 Punishment for aggravated disciplinary barrack offences

120 Suspension of sentence

Execution of sentences

121 Commencement of sentences

122 Sentence of detention or special detention in disciplinary barrack

123 Civil prisons may receive military prisoners

124 Provisions as to persons unlawfully at large

125 Mode of executing sentence of caning

126 Power of President to grant pardon and to mitigate punishment, etc.

Part 7 MILITARY COURT OF APPEAL

General provisions

127 Establishment, jurisdiction and powers of Military Court of Appeal

128 Oath and affirmation

129 Notice and petition of appeal

130 Bail pending appeal

131 Delivery of notice of appeal

132 Convening order

133 Delivery of convening order

134 Withdrawal of appeal

135 Joint or separate appeal

136 Delivery of judgment and record to Military Court of Appeal

137 Proceedings in Military Court of Appeal

138 Effect of death or sickness on Military Court of Appeal

139 Removal from office and bar to serve in Military Court of Appeal, etc.

140 Challenge by accused

Powers of Military Court of Appeal

141 Interpretation of this Part

142 Power to quash conviction as wrong in law, etc.

143 Adjustment of sentence in case of conviction on 2 or more charges

144 Substitution of conviction on different charge

145 Variation of conviction so as to attract different sentence

146 Substitution of finding of insanity or unfitness to plead

147 Term of sentence passed under section 142, 143, 144 or 145

148 Re‑trial generally excluded

149 Power to authorise re‑trial in certain cases

150 Implementation of authority for re‑trial, and supplementary orders of Military Court of Appeal

Supplementary provisions

151 Presentation of appellant’s case

152 Evidence

153 Mode of taking additional evidence

154 Judgment

155 Judgment to be certified to trial court

156 Appeal not to operate as stay of execution or enforcement

157 Summary rejection of appeal

158 Reference of point of law to Military Court of Appeal in case of acquittal by subordinate military court

159 Costs of appeal

160 No appeal from Military Court of Appeal

161 Regulations of procedure in Military Court of Appeal

Part 8 ARRESTS, SEARCHES AND INVESTIGATIONS

Arrests

162 General authority

163 Search of place where person sought to be arrested has entered

164 Powers of officers and senior military experts

165 Powers of servicemen

166 Powers of military policemen

167 Power of arrest of suspected deserters

168 Proceedings before a civil court where persons suspected of illegal absence

169 Issue of warrant of arrest

170 Warrants to whom directed

171 Provision for avoiding delay after arrest

Searches

172 Search of persons arrested

173 Power of search by persons of a superior rank

174 Search warrant

175 Searching of women

176 Forms of warrants

Investigations

177 Investigating officers

178 Restriction on powers of investigating officers

179 General powers of investigating officers

180 Witnesses

181 Admissibility of statements

182 Circumstances in which inferences may be drawn from accused’s failure to mention particular facts when informed that accused may be prosecuted for an offence

Part 9 BAIL AND BONDS

182A Interpretation of this Part

182B When person subject to military law may be released on bail

182C Amount of bail or bond

182D Person released on bail to give address for service

182E Bond to be executed

182F Person to be released

182G Re-arrest in case of insufficient sureties

182H Cash deposit instead of sureties

182I Sureties may apply to have bond discharged

182J Arrest on breach of bond for appearance

182K Procedure on forfeiture of bond

Part 10 BOARDS OF INQUIRY

183 Board of inquiry

184 Composition

185 Powers

186 Application of section 113 to board of inquiry

187 Evidence and procedure

188 Admissibility of evidence

189 Sittings not open to public

190 Person who may be affected by findings

191 Record of proceedings

Part 11 PAY

192 Authorised deductions only to be made from pay

193 Deductions from ordinary pay of servicemen

194 How deduction of pay may be remitted

195 Supplemental provisions as to deductions from ordinary pay

196 Prohibition of assignment of military pay, pensions, etc.

197 Write‑off of public property

Part 12 EMERGENCY POWERS

198 Application of emergency powers

199 Emergency powers

200 Compensation and remuneration

201 Obstruction of exercise of emergency powers

Part 12A AID TO CIVILIAN AUTHORITIES

201A Interpretation of this Part

201B Deployment of Singapore Armed Forces for air and sea operations in aid of civilian authorities

201C Deployment of Singapore Armed Forces for land operations in aid of civilian authorities

201D Powers of Singapore Armed Forces in vicinity of protected area or place

201E Serviceman to act on Minister’s authorisation or superior order

201F Restriction on use of force likely to cause death or grievous hurt

201G Procedure on arrest of persons, seizure of property or detention of aircraft and vessels

201H Obstruction of exercise of powers

201I Powers exercisable under other written law

Part 13 MISCELLANEOUS

202 Exemption of servicemen from certain laws

203 Reduction in rank for inefficiency

204 Mode of complaint by servicemen

205 Regulations

205A SAVER and Premium Plans

205B SAVER‑Premium Fund

205C Administration of SAVER-Premium Fund

205D Military domain experts service

206 Pension Fund

206A Pension, etc., not of right

207 Regulations to be presented to Parliament

207A Amendment of Second Schedule

208 General Orders of Ministry of Defence

FIRST SCHEDULE Specified offences

SECOND SCHEDULE Remote communication modalities for taking oaths or affirmations

Legislative History

Abbreviations

Comparative Table

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Table Of Contents

Singapore Armed Forces Act 1972

Status:

Current version
as at 24 Nov 2024

Please check the legislation timeline to ensure that you are viewing the correct legislation version. See also FAQ B3.

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01 Jun 2024

Amended by
Act 12 of 2023
01 Dec 2023

Amended by
Act 25 of 2023
02 Nov 2022

Amended by
Act 30 of 2021
28 Oct 2022

Amended by
Act 24 of 2022
01 Apr 2022

Amended by
Act 25 of 2021
14 Jan 2022

Amended by
Act 33 of 2021
31 Dec 2021

2020 RevEd
01 Mar 2021

Amended by
Act 4 of 2021
02 Jan 2021

Amended by
Act 40 of 2019
30 Jul 2020

Amended by
Act 40 of 2018
18 Dec 2018

Amended by
Act 41 of 2017
31 Oct 2018

Amended by
Act 19 of 2018
16 May 2018

Amended by
Act 26 of 2018
01 Aug 2016

Amended by
Act 16 of 2016
01 Jul 2014

Amended by
Act 1 of 2014
01 Aug 2012

Amended by
Act 4 of 2012
02 Jan 2011

Amended by
Act 15 of 2010
01 Apr 2010

Amended by
Act 28 of 2009
01 Mar 2010

Amended by
Act 21 of 2008
01 Feb 2008

Amended by
Act 51 of 2007
01 Aug 2007

Amended by
Act 25 of 2007
21 Feb 2006

Amended by
Act 6 of 2006
01 Jan 2006

Amended by
Act 42 of 2005
31 Dec 2004

Amended by
Act 17 of 2004
01 Dec 2004

Amended by
Act 43 of 2004
15 May 2001

Amended by
Act 16 of 2001
30 Dec 2000

2000 RevEd
31 Mar 2000

Amended by
Act 10 of 2000
01 Apr 1998

Amended by
Act 12 of 1998
01 Apr 1995

Amended by
Act 8 of 1995
15 Mar 1995

1995 RevEd
01 Dec 1994

Amended by
Act 20 of 1994
14 Oct 1994

Amended by
Act 1 of 1994
01 May 1994

Amended by
Act 1 of 1994
01 Apr 1991

Amended by
Act 1 of 1991
30 Mar 1987

1985 RevEd

Table of Contents

Singapore Armed Forces Act 1972
Long Title Part 1 PRELIMINARY

1 Short title and commencement

2 Interpretation

4 Liability for military offences

6 Jurisdiction of civil courts

Part 2 ORGANISATION OF SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES

7 Establishment and organisation of Singapore Armed Forces

8 Establishment of Armed Forces Council

8A Armed Forces Council to provide for certain matters

8C Committees appointed by Armed Forces Council

9 Style, seal and proceedings of Armed Forces Council

10 Appointment of officers

10A Appointment of Chief of Defence Force and Service Chiefs

10B Appointment of warrant officers

10C Appointment of senior military experts

Part 3 MILITARY OFFENCES

11 Misconduct in action

12 Assisting enemy

13 Unauthorised disclosure of information

14 Offences in connection with captivity

16 Offences by or in relation to sentries, persons on watch, etc.

17 Disobedience of, non-compliance with lawful orders, etc.

19 Insubordinate behaviour

20 Obstruction of military policemen

21 Disobedience of general orders

22 Absence without leave

24 Failure to report deserters and absentees

25 Conduct to prejudice of good order or discipline

26 Cruel, indecent or disgraceful conduct

27 Non-prevention of offences

28 Ill-treatment

29 Abuse of authority

30 Personation and excess of authority

31 Creating despondency or alarm

33 Intoxication

34 Possession, etc., of drugs or psychoactive substances

35 Abandonment of aircraft or vessel

36 Causing or allowing any ship, vessel or aircraft to be lost or hazarded

37 Offences by commanding officer in relation to ship, vessel or aircraft taken as prize

38 Further offences in relation to ship, vessel or aircraft taken as prize

39 Offences by officer, etc., serving in ship involved in convoying and protection of vessel

40 Disobeying lawful command of captain of ship

41 Endangering life or property

42 Damage to, and loss of, Singapore Armed Forces property, etc.

43 Dishonest misappropriation of Singapore Armed Forces property

44 Misapplication and waste of Singapore Armed Forces property

45 Unlawful arrest

46 Resistance to arrest

47 Escape and permitting escape and unlawful release from custody

49 False evidence

50 Falsification of documents

51 Refusing medical or dental examination and treatment

52 Obstructing investigation

53 Inaccurate certification

54 Dangerous flying, etc.

56 Annoyance by flying

57 Irregular arrest and confinement

58 Abetments and attempts

59 Justification, excuse and defence

Part 4 SUMMARY TRIAL BY DISCIPLINARY OFFICERS AND COMPOSITION OF MILITARY OFFENCES

60 Interpretation of this Part

61 Summary disposal of charges for offences not specified in First Schedule

62 Charges and jurisdiction

63 Powers of junior disciplinary officer when dealing with charge

64 Powers of senior disciplinary officer when dealing with charge

65 Powers of superior commander when dealing with charge

65A Powers of Service Chief when dealing with charge

65B Powers of Chief of Defence Force when dealing with charge

66 Dismissal of charges

67 Remission of case for trial or otherwise

68 Powers of punishment of junior disciplinary officer

69 Powers of punishment of senior disciplinary officer

70 Powers of punishment of superior commander

70A Powers of punishment of Service Chief

70B Powers of punishment of Chief of Defence Force

71 Detention in default of fine

72 Power of Senior Disciplinary Committee

73 Compensation

74 Recovery of compensation

75 Power to quash finding of disciplinary officer

76 Inapplicability of law of evidence

77 Right of accused to elect for trial by subordinate military court

78 Time limits for summary trial

79 Record of proceedings

79A Composition of offences under this Part

Part 5 TRIAL BY SUBORDINATE MILITARY COURTS

80 Subordinate military courts

80A General courts martial panel

81 Constitution and jurisdiction of general courts martial

82 Judge Advocate-General, judge advocates and legal personnel

83 Field general courts martial

84 Ineligibility

85 Members of subordinate military courts may belong to same or different units

86 Record of proceedings

87 Oath and affirmation

88 Challenges by accused

89 Effect of death or sickness on and adjournment of subordinate military court

90 Power to convict for offence other than that charged

91 Power to order restitution of stolen property

93 Regulations of procedure

94 Application of Criminal Procedure Code 2010

95 Procedure in absence of provisions

96 Proceedings not to be set aside

97 Application of general rules of evidence

98 Military documents as evidence

99 Certificate relating to controlled drug, etc.

102 Representation

104 Proceedings in private

105 Publications and photographs

106 Investigation materials before a field general court martial

107 Independence of subordinate military courts

Supplementary provisions as to trial

108 Person not to be tried twice

109 Trial and punishment of offences where offender ceases to be subject to military law

110 Liability to military law in respect of place of commission of offence

111 Limitation of time for trial of offences

112 Trial of civil offences

113 Summoning and privilege of witnesses at subordinate military courts and misconduct of civilians thereat

114 Evidence of civil conviction or acquittal

115 Evidence of conviction of subordinate military court

Review of findings and sentences of subordinate military courts

116 Review of findings and sentences of subordinate military courts by reviewing authority

117 Power to order a re‑trial

Part 6 PUNISHMENTS OF MILITARY OFFENCES AND EXECUTION OF SENTENCES Punishments

118 Scale of punishments, etc.

119 Punishment for aggravated disciplinary barrack offences

120 Suspension of sentence

Execution of sentences

121 Commencement of sentences

122 Sentence of detention or special detention in disciplinary barrack

123 Civil prisons may receive military prisoners

124 Provisions as to persons unlawfully at large

125 Mode of executing sentence of caning

126 Power of President to grant pardon and to mitigate punishment, etc.

Part 7 MILITARY COURT OF APPEAL General provisions

127 Establishment, jurisdiction and powers of Military Court of Appeal

128 Oath and affirmation

129 Notice and petition of appeal

130 Bail pending appeal

131 Delivery of notice of appeal

132 Convening order

133 Delivery of convening order

134 Withdrawal of appeal

135 Joint or separate appeal

136 Delivery of judgment and record to Military Court of Appeal

137 Proceedings in Military Court of Appeal

138 Effect of death or sickness on Military Court of Appeal

139 Removal from office and bar to serve in Military Court of Appeal, etc.

140 Challenge by accused

Powers of Military Court of Appeal

141 Interpretation of this Part

142 Power to quash conviction as wrong in law, etc.

143 Adjustment of sentence in case of conviction on 2 or more charges

144 Substitution of conviction on different charge

145 Variation of conviction so as to attract different sentence

146 Substitution of finding of insanity or unfitness to plead

147 Term of sentence passed under section 142, 143, 144 or 145

148 Re‑trial generally excluded

149 Power to authorise re‑trial in certain cases

150 Implementation of authority for re‑trial, and supplementary orders of Military Court of Appeal

Supplementary provisions

151 Presentation of appellant’s case

153 Mode of taking additional evidence

155 Judgment to be certified to trial court

156 Appeal not to operate as stay of execution or enforcement

157 Summary rejection of appeal

158 Reference of point of law to Military Court of Appeal in case of acquittal by subordinate military court

159 Costs of appeal

160 No appeal from Military Court of Appeal

161 Regulations of procedure in Military Court of Appeal

Part 8 ARRESTS, SEARCHES AND INVESTIGATIONS Arrests

162 General authority

163 Search of place where person sought to be arrested has entered

164 Powers of officers and senior military experts

165 Powers of servicemen

166 Powers of military policemen

167 Power of arrest of suspected deserters

168 Proceedings before a civil court where persons suspected of illegal absence

169 Issue of warrant of arrest

170 Warrants to whom directed

171 Provision for avoiding delay after arrest

172 Search of persons arrested

173 Power of search by persons of a superior rank

174 Search warrant

175 Searching of women

176 Forms of warrants

Investigations

177 Investigating officers

178 Restriction on powers of investigating officers

179 General powers of investigating officers

181 Admissibility of statements

182 Circumstances in which inferences may be drawn from accused’s failure to mention particular facts when informed that accused may be prosecuted for an offence

Part 9 BAIL AND BONDS

182A Interpretation of this Part

182B When person subject to military law may be released on bail

182C Amount of bail or bond

182D Person released on bail to give address for service

182E Bond to be executed

182F Person to be released

182G Re-arrest in case of insufficient sureties

182H Cash deposit instead of sureties

182I Sureties may apply to have bond discharged

182J Arrest on breach of bond for appearance

182K Procedure on forfeiture of bond

Part 10 BOARDS OF INQUIRY

183 Board of inquiry

184 Composition

186 Application of section 113 to board of inquiry

187 Evidence and procedure

188 Admissibility of evidence

189 Sittings not open to public

190 Person who may be affected by findings

191 Record of proceedings

Part 11 PAY

192 Authorised deductions only to be made from pay

193 Deductions from ordinary pay of servicemen

194 How deduction of pay may be remitted

195 Supplemental provisions as to deductions from ordinary pay

196 Prohibition of assignment of military pay, pensions, etc.

197 Write‑off of public property

Part 12 EMERGENCY POWERS

198 Application of emergency powers

199 Emergency powers

200 Compensation and remuneration

201 Obstruction of exercise of emergency powers

Part 12A AID TO CIVILIAN AUTHORITIES

201A Interpretation of this Part

201B Deployment of Singapore Armed Forces for air and sea operations in aid of civilian authorities

201C Deployment of Singapore Armed Forces for land operations in aid of civilian authorities

201D Powers of Singapore Armed Forces in vicinity of protected area or place

201E Serviceman to act on Minister’s authorisation or superior order

201F Restriction on use of force likely to cause death or grievous hurt

201G Procedure on arrest of persons, seizure of property or detention of aircraft and vessels

201H Obstruction of exercise of powers

201I Powers exercisable under other written law

Part 13 MISCELLANEOUS

202 Exemption of servicemen from certain laws

203 Reduction in rank for inefficiency

204 Mode of complaint by servicemen

205 Regulations

205A SAVER and Premium Plans

205B SAVER‑Premium Fund

205C Administration of SAVER-Premium Fund

205D Military domain experts service

206 Pension Fund

206A Pension, etc., not of right

207 Regulations to be presented to Parliament

207A Amendment of Second Schedule

208 General Orders of Ministry of Defence

FIRST SCHEDULE Specified offences SECOND SCHEDULE Remote communication modalities for taking oaths or affirmations Legislative History Abbreviations Comparative Table

Singapore Armed Forces Act 1972

Status:

Current version as at 24 Nov 2024

Timeline
Subsidiary Legislation
Amendment Annotation

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Actions
- Add to My Collections
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Document
Provision

30 Mar 1987

1985 RevEd
01 Apr 1991

Amended by
Act 1 of 1991
01 May 1994

Amended by
Act 1 of 1994
14 Oct 1994

Amended by
Act 1 of 1994
01 Dec 1994

Amended by
Act 20 of 1994
15 Mar 1995

1995 RevEd
01 Apr 1995

Amended by
Act 8 of 1995
01 Apr 1998

Amended by
Act 12 of 1998
31 Mar 2000

Amended by
Act 10 of 2000
30 Dec 2000

2000 RevEd
15 May 2001

Amended by
Act 16 of 2001
01 Dec 2004

Amended by
Act 43 of 2004
31 Dec 2004

Amended by
Act 17 of 2004
01 Jan 2006

Amended by
Act 42 of 2005
21 Feb 2006

Amended by
Act 6 of 2006
01 Aug 2007

Amended by
Act 25 of 2007
01 Feb 2008

Amended by
Act 51 of 2007
01 Mar 2010

Amended by
Act 21 of 2008
01 Apr 2010

Amended by
Act 28 of 2009
02 Jan 2011

Amended by
Act 15 of 2010
01 Aug 2012

Amended by
Act 4 of 2012
01 Jul 2014

Amended by
Act 1 of 2014
01 Aug 2016

Amended by
Act 16 of 2016
16 May 2018

Amended by
Act 26 of 2018
31 Oct 2018

Amended by
Act 19 of 2018
18 Dec 2018

Amended by
Act 41 of 2017
30 Jul 2020

Amended by
Act 40 of 2018
02 Jan 2021

Amended by
Act 40 of 2019
01 Mar 2021

Amended by
Act 4 of 2021
31 Dec 2021

2020 RevEd
14 Jan 2022

Amended by
Act 33 of 2021
01 Apr 2022

Amended by
Act 25 of 2021
28 Oct 2022

Amended by
Act 24 of 2022
02 Nov 2022

Amended by
Act 30 of 2021
01 Dec 2023

Amended by
Act 25 of 2023
01 Jun 2024

Amended by
Act 12 of 2023

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