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Women’s Charter 1961

Status:

Current version
as at 29 Nov 2024

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Women’s Charter 1961

Table of Contents

Long Title

Part 1 PRELIMINARY

1 Short title

2 Interpretation

3 Application

3A Reckoning of age

Part 2 MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGES

4 Disability to contract marriages

5 Void marriages

6 Offence

6A Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife

6B Cohabitation caused by deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage

6C Marriage ceremony gone through fraudulently without lawful marriage

7 Continuance of marriage

Part 3 SOLEMNISATION OF MARRIAGES

8 Interpretation of this Part

9 Avoidance of marriages where either party is below 18

10 Avoidance of marriages within prohibited degrees

11 Avoidance of marriages by subsisting prior marriage

11A Avoidance of marriages of convenience

12 Avoidance of marriages between persons of same sex

13 Avoidance of marriages solemnised in Singapore without valid licence or by unauthorised person

14 Notice of marriage

15 Validity of notice of marriage

16 Declaration by intending parties

17 Issue of marriage licence

17A (Repealed)

18 Conditions for issuing marriage licence

19 Caveat against issue of marriage licence

20 Proceedings if caveat entered

21 Special marriage licence

21A Consents required for licences for minors who have not previously married

21B Marriage preparation programme

22 Who may solemnise a marriage

23 How is a marriage solemnised

24 Registrar may permit remote solemnisation in certain circumstances

Part 4 REGISTRATION

25 Registration of marriages

26 Appointment of Registrar, etc.

27 State Marriage Register

28 Registration of marriage solemnised by Registrar or licensed solemniser

29 Certain marriages solemnised outside Singapore may be registered

30 Certificate of marriage to be created upon registration, etc.

31 Correction of errors

32 (Repealed)

33 Legal effect of registration

Part 5 OFFENCES RELATING TO SOLEMNISATION AND REGISTRATION OF MARRIAGES

34 Omission to appear before Registrar or licensed solemniser within prescribed time

35 Issuing false copies or extracts

36 Interference with marriage

37 Intentional falsehoods for procuring marriage

38 False allegation in caveat

39 Unauthorised solemnisation of marriage

40 Offences relating to solemnisation of marriages

41 Destroying or falsifying State Marriage Register, etc.

42 Consent for prosecution

43 (Repealed)

44 (Repealed)

45 (Repealed)

Part 6 RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF HUSBAND AND WIFE

46 Duty to cooperate

47 Right to separately engage in trade, etc.

48 Equal rights in running matrimonial household

49 Equal shares in money and property derived from housekeeping allowance

50 Married women have same rights, etc., as married men

51 Married women may use own surname and name

52 Abolition of married woman’s dependent domicile

53 Abolition of separate property

54 Abolition of restrictions on anticipation or alienation

55 Husband and wife may sue each other in tort

56 Summary procedure for deciding questions between husband and wife as to property

57 Power of court to stay tort action between husband and wife, etc.

58 (Repealed)

59 (Repealed)

60 (Repealed)

61 (Repealed)

62 (Repealed)

63 (Repealed)

Part 7 PROTECTION OF FAMILY

64 Interpretation of this Part

65 Protection order

66 Expedited order

67 Supplementary provisions with respect to orders under sections 65 and 66

Part 8 MAINTENANCE OF WIFE, INCAPACITATED HUSBAND AND CHILDREN

68 Duty of parents to maintain children

69 Court may order maintenance of wife, incapacitated husband and children

70 Duty to maintain child accepted as member of family

71 Enforcement of maintenance order

71A Bankerʼs guarantee

71B Financial counselling

71C Community service orders

72 Rescission and variation of order

73 Power of court to vary agreement for maintenance of child

74 Application of section 121

75 Application of Act to orders made under repealed Minor Offences Ordinance, etc.

76 Power of Family Court to refuse order where proceedings more convenient in General Division of High Court

77 Appeal

78 (Repealed)

79 Procedure

79A (Repealed)

Part 9 ENFORCEMENT OF MAINTENANCE ORDERS

80 Interpretation of this Part

81 Power of court to make attachment of earnings order

81A Service of attachment of earnings order

82 Nature of attachment of earnings order

83 Effect of attachment of earnings order

84 Duty of respondent and employer to comply with attachment of earnings order

85 Additional powers of court in attachment of earnings order proceedings

86 Obligation of respondent and employer to notify changes of employment and earnings

87 Power of court to determine what are earnings

88 Payment of money under attachment of earnings order

89 Earnings paid by Government or out of Consolidated Fund

90 Costs of proceedings

91 Penalties for non-compliance with attachment of earnings order and for giving false notice or statement

Part 10

92 Interpretation of this Part

93 Jurisdiction of court in matrimonial proceedings

94 Restriction on filing of originating application for divorce during first 3 years of marriage

94A Parenting programme

95 Divorce may be granted only if marriage has irretrievably broken down, etc.

95A What constitutes the irretrievable breakdown of a marriage

96 Rules to provide for agreements to be referred to court

97 Intervention of Attorney-General

98 Relief for other party in divorce proceedings

99 Interim judgment and proceedings thereafter

100 Proceedings for interim judgment of presumption of death and divorce

100A Rescission of interim judgment in certain circumstances where one party misled by other party

101 Judicial separation

102 Judicial separation no bar to originating application for divorce

103 Judicially separated spouses not entitled to claim in intestacy of each other

104 Originating application for nullity of marriage

105 Grounds on which marriage is void

106 Grounds on which marriage is voidable

107 Bars to relief where marriage is voidable

108 Marriage governed by foreign law

109 Application of sections 97 and 99 to nullity proceedings

110 Effect of judgment of nullity in case of voidable marriage

111 Legitimacy of children of annulled marriages

112 Power of court to order division of matrimonial assets

113 Power of court to order maintenance

114 Assessment of maintenance

115 Power of court to order security for maintenance

116 Compounding of maintenance

117 Duration of orders for maintenance

118 Power of court to vary orders for maintenance

119 Power of court to vary agreements for maintenance

120 Maintenance payable under order of court to be inalienable

121 Recovery of arrears of maintenance

121A Interpretation and application of this Chapter

121B Applications for financial relief after overseas divorce, etc.

121C Jurisdiction of court

121D Permission of court required for applications for financial relief

121E Interim orders for financial provision

121F Duty of court to consider whether Singapore is appropriate forum for application

121G Orders for financial relief

122 Meaning of "child"

123 Arrangements for welfare of children

124 Orders on welfare of children

125 Paramount consideration to be welfare of child

126 Orders subject to conditions

127 Power of court to order maintenance for children

128 Power of court to vary order for custody, etc.

129 Power of court to vary agreement for custody, etc.

130 Court to have regard to advice of welfare officers, etc.

131 Power of court to restrain taking of child out of Singapore

132 Power of court to set aside and prevent dispositions intended to defeat claims to maintenance

132A Programmes for children

133 Procedure

134 Evidence

135 (Repealed)

136 (Repealed)

137 Appeals

138 Power to allow intervention on terms

139 Family Justice Rules

Part 10A AMICABLE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

139A Interpretation of this Part

139B Evidence of things done, etc., under Division 3 or 4 not admissible

139C Appointment of conciliation officers

139D Settlement of differences between husband and wife by conciliation officers

139E Proceedings to which this Division applies

139F Court to consider, and may facilitate, reconciliation

139G Resumption of proceedings

139H Mediation by consent

139I Mediation, counselling and family support programmes in matrimonial proceedings involving prescribed persons

139J Mediation, counselling and family support programmes in other proceedings

Part 11 OFFENCES AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS

140 Offences relating to prostitution

141 Traffic in women and girls

142 Importation of woman or girl by false pretences

143 Permitting girl below the age of 16 to use premises for sexual penetration

144 Permitting mental defective to use premises for sexual penetration

145 Causing or encouraging prostitution of, girl below the age of 18 or sexual penetration with, or indecent assault on, girl below the age of 16

146 Persons living on or trading in prostitution, etc.

146A Remote communication service used for offering or facilitating provision of sexual services, etc.

147 Suppression of places of assignation

148 Suppression of brothels

149 Notice to owner and occupier

150 Termination of tenancy of places on conviction for permitting use as brothel, etc.

151 Demolition of structural contrivances for facilitating running of place of assignation or of brothel

152 Authority of courts to issue arrest and search warrants

153 Trials in private in certain cases

154 Trial of offences

155 Detention pending judicial proceedings

156 Director‑General may examine women and girls and person in charge of them

157 Inspection

158 Security on departure of woman or girl from Singapore

159 Woman or girl below the age of 21 trained or used for immoral purposes, etc.

160 Director‑General may order detention or commitment of woman or girl in certain cases

161 Period of detention or commitment of woman or girl

162 Marriage not to be contracted without consent of Director‑General

163 Women and girls in urgent need of refuge

164 Transfer of women or girls from one place of safety to another place of safety within Singapore, etc.

165 Removal of women or girls to Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or Hong Kong by order of Minister

166 Appeal

167 Women and girls may be received into and detained in Singapore

168 Women and girls so received to be subject to local law

169 Women and girls detained to be subject to rules

170 Director‑General may cause persons to be photographed

171 Power to summon and examine persons in certain circumstances

172 Record of evidence

173 Power of search

174 Power of arrest and seizure

175 Presumption arising out of warrants

176 Appointment of officers

177 Minister may establish places of safety

177A Restriction on publication of information on place of safety or resident of place of safety

178 Boards of Visitors

179 Discharge Committees

Part 12 MISCELLANEOUS

180 Rules

180A Protection from personal liability

181 Marriages solemnised before 15 September 1961 deemed to be registered under this Act

182 Voluntary registration of marriages solemnised before 15 September 1961 or validated by section 184

183 Recognition of marriages contracted in Embassies, etc., in Singapore

184 Validity of customary marriages contracted on or after 15 September 1961 and before 2 June 1967

185 Saving for petitions presented before 1 June 1981

186 Savings for proceedings before 1 May 1997

FIRST SCHEDULE Kindred and affinity prohibited degrees of relationship

SECOND SCHEDULE Consents required to the marriage of a minor

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Table Of Contents

Women’s Charter 1961

Status:

Current version
as at 29 Nov 2024

Please check the legislation timeline to ensure that you are viewing the correct legislation version. See also FAQ B3.

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find current version as at

02 Jan 2025

Amended by
Act 32 of 2024
02 Jan 2025

Amended by
Act 21 of 2023
02 Jan 2025

Amended by
Act 18 of 2023
02 Jan 2025

Amended by
Act 3 of 2022
15 Oct 2024

Amended by
Act 18 of 2023
15 Oct 2024

Amended by
Act 20 of 2022
15 Oct 2024

Amended by
Act 25 of 2021
01 Jul 2024

Amended by
Act 21 of 2023
01 Jul 2024

Amended by
Act 3 of 2022
31 Jan 2024

Amended by
Act 18 of 2023
25 Sep 2023

Amended by
Act 3 of 2022
30 Dec 2022

Amended by
Act 3 of 2022
01 Apr 2022

Amended by
Act 25 of 2021
31 Dec 2021

2020 RevEd
02 Jan 2021

Amended by
Act 40 of 2019
07 Aug 2020

Amended by
Act 36 of 2019
30 Jul 2020

Amended by
Act 40 of 2018
01 Jul 2020

Amended by
Act 30 of 2019
01 Jan 2020

Amended by
Act 15 of 2019
19 Dec 2018

Amended by
Act 27 of 2018
01 Oct 2017

Amended by
Act 19 of 2016
01 Jan 2017

Amended by
Act 7 of 2016
01 Dec 2016

Amended by
Act 7 of 2016
01 Oct 2016

Amended by
Act 7 of 2016
01 Jul 2016

Amended by
Act 7 of 2016
01 Jan 2015

Amended by
Act 27 of 2014
01 Oct 2014

Amended by
Act 27 of 2014
28 Mar 2013

Amended by
Act 25 of 2012
01 Sep 2011

Amended by
Act 2 of 2011
01 Jun 2011

Amended by
Act 2 of 2011
02 Jan 2011

Amended by
Act 15 of 2010
01 Mar 2010

Amended by
Act 21 of 2008
31 Oct 2009

2009 RevEd
01 Feb 2008

Amended by
Act 51 of 2007
01 Mar 2007

Amended by
Act 2 of 2007
01 Apr 2006

Amended by
Act 42 of 2005
01 Oct 2001

Amended by
Act 20 of 2001
30 May 1997

1997 RevEd
01 May 1997

Amended by
Act 30 of 1996
08 Apr 1994

Amended by
Act 2 of 1994
01 Jul 1993

Amended by
Act 16 of 1993
30 Mar 1987

1985 RevEd

Table of Contents

Women’s Charter 1961
Long Title Part 1 PRELIMINARY

2 Interpretation

3A Reckoning of age

Part 2 MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGES

4 Disability to contract marriages

5 Void marriages

6A Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife

6B Cohabitation caused by deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage

6C Marriage ceremony gone through fraudulently without lawful marriage

7 Continuance of marriage

Part 3 SOLEMNISATION OF MARRIAGES Division 1 — Preliminary

8 Interpretation of this Part

Division 2 — Validity of marriages

9 Avoidance of marriages where either party is below 18

10 Avoidance of marriages within prohibited degrees

11 Avoidance of marriages by subsisting prior marriage

11A Avoidance of marriages of convenience

12 Avoidance of marriages between persons of same sex

13 Avoidance of marriages solemnised in Singapore without valid licence or by unauthorised person

Division 3 — Pre-solemnisation process

14 Notice of marriage

15 Validity of notice of marriage

16 Declaration by intending parties

17 Issue of marriage licence

18 Conditions for issuing marriage licence

19 Caveat against issue of marriage licence

20 Proceedings if caveat entered

21 Special marriage licence

21A Consents required for licences for minors who have not previously married

21B Marriage preparation programme

Division 4 — Solemnisation

22 Who may solemnise a marriage

23 How is a marriage solemnised

24 Registrar may permit remote solemnisation in certain circumstances

Part 4 REGISTRATION

25 Registration of marriages

26 Appointment of Registrar, etc.

27 State Marriage Register

28 Registration of marriage solemnised by Registrar or licensed solemniser

29 Certain marriages solemnised outside Singapore may be registered

30 Certificate of marriage to be created upon registration, etc.

31 Correction of errors

33 Legal effect of registration

Part 5 OFFENCES RELATING TO SOLEMNISATION AND REGISTRATION OF MARRIAGES

34 Omission to appear before Registrar or licensed solemniser within prescribed time

35 Issuing false copies or extracts

36 Interference with marriage

37 Intentional falsehoods for procuring marriage

38 False allegation in caveat

39 Unauthorised solemnisation of marriage

40 Offences relating to solemnisation of marriages

41 Destroying or falsifying State Marriage Register, etc.

42 Consent for prosecution

Part 6 RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF HUSBAND AND WIFE Division 1 — Rights and duties

46 Duty to cooperate

47 Right to separately engage in trade, etc.

48 Equal rights in running matrimonial household

49 Equal shares in money and property derived from housekeeping allowance

Division 2 — Abolition of common law disabilities imposed on married women, etc.

50 Married women have same rights, etc., as married men

51 Married women may use own surname and name

52 Abolition of married woman’s dependent domicile

53 Abolition of separate property

54 Abolition of restrictions on anticipation or alienation

55 Husband and wife may sue each other in tort

Division 3 — Procedure in certain cases

56 Summary procedure for deciding questions between husband and wife as to property

57 Power of court to stay tort action between husband and wife, etc.

Part 7 PROTECTION OF FAMILY

64 Interpretation of this Part

65 Protection order

66 Expedited order

67 Supplementary provisions with respect to orders under sections 65 and 66

Part 8 MAINTENANCE OF WIFE, INCAPACITATED HUSBAND AND CHILDREN

68 Duty of parents to maintain children

69 Court may order maintenance of wife, incapacitated husband and children

70 Duty to maintain child accepted as member of family

71 Enforcement of maintenance order

71A Bankerʼs guarantee

71B Financial counselling

71C Community service orders

72 Rescission and variation of order

73 Power of court to vary agreement for maintenance of child

74 Application of section 121

75 Application of Act to orders made under repealed Minor Offences Ordinance, etc.

76 Power of Family Court to refuse order where proceedings more convenient in General Division of High Court

Part 9 ENFORCEMENT OF MAINTENANCE ORDERS

80 Interpretation of this Part

81 Power of court to make attachment of earnings order

81A Service of attachment of earnings order

82 Nature of attachment of earnings order

83 Effect of attachment of earnings order

84 Duty of respondent and employer to comply with attachment of earnings order

85 Additional powers of court in attachment of earnings order proceedings

86 Obligation of respondent and employer to notify changes of employment and earnings

87 Power of court to determine what are earnings

88 Payment of money under attachment of earnings order

89 Earnings paid by Government or out of Consolidated Fund

90 Costs of proceedings

91 Penalties for non-compliance with attachment of earnings order and for giving false notice or statement

Part 10 CHAPTER 1 — DIVORCE

92 Interpretation of this Part

93 Jurisdiction of court in matrimonial proceedings

94 Restriction on filing of originating application for divorce during first 3 years of marriage

94A Parenting programme

95 Divorce may be granted only if marriage has irretrievably broken down, etc.

95A What constitutes the irretrievable breakdown of a marriage

96 Rules to provide for agreements to be referred to court

97 Intervention of Attorney-General

98 Relief for other party in divorce proceedings

99 Interim judgment and proceedings thereafter

100 Proceedings for interim judgment of presumption of death and divorce

100A Rescission of interim judgment in certain circumstances where one party misled by other party

CHAPTER 2 — JUDICIAL SEPARATION

101 Judicial separation

102 Judicial separation no bar to originating application for divorce

103 Judicially separated spouses not entitled to claim in intestacy of each other

CHAPTER 3 — NULLITY OF MARRIAGE

104 Originating application for nullity of marriage

105 Grounds on which marriage is void

106 Grounds on which marriage is voidable

107 Bars to relief where marriage is voidable

108 Marriage governed by foreign law

109 Application of sections 97 and 99 to nullity proceedings

110 Effect of judgment of nullity in case of voidable marriage

111 Legitimacy of children of annulled marriages

CHAPTER 4 — FINANCIAL PROVISIONS CONSEQUENT ON MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS

112 Power of court to order division of matrimonial assets

113 Power of court to order maintenance

114 Assessment of maintenance

115 Power of court to order security for maintenance

116 Compounding of maintenance

117 Duration of orders for maintenance

118 Power of court to vary orders for maintenance

119 Power of court to vary agreements for maintenance

120 Maintenance payable under order of court to be inalienable

121 Recovery of arrears of maintenance

CHAPTER 4A — FINANCIAL RELIEF CONSEQUENTIAL ON FOREIGN MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS

121A Interpretation and application of this Chapter

121B Applications for financial relief after overseas divorce, etc.

121C Jurisdiction of court

121D Permission of court required for applications for financial relief

121E Interim orders for financial provision

121F Duty of court to consider whether Singapore is appropriate forum for application

121G Orders for financial relief

CHAPTER 5 — WELFARE OF CHILDREN

122 Meaning of "child"

123 Arrangements for welfare of children

124 Orders on welfare of children

125 Paramount consideration to be welfare of child

126 Orders subject to conditions

127 Power of court to order maintenance for children

128 Power of court to vary order for custody, etc.

129 Power of court to vary agreement for custody, etc.

130 Court to have regard to advice of welfare officers, etc.

131 Power of court to restrain taking of child out of Singapore

132 Power of court to set aside and prevent dispositions intended to defeat claims to maintenance

132A Programmes for children

CHAPTER 6 — GENERAL PROVISIONS

138 Power to allow intervention on terms

139 Family Justice Rules

Part 10A AMICABLE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES Division 1 — Preliminary

139A Interpretation of this Part

139B Evidence of things done, etc., under Division 3 or 4 not admissible

Division 2 — Conciliation officers

139C Appointment of conciliation officers

139D Settlement of differences between husband and wife by conciliation officers

Division 3 — Opportunity for reconciliation in certain proceedings

139E Proceedings to which this Division applies

139F Court to consider, and may facilitate, reconciliation

139G Resumption of proceedings

Division 4 — Mediation, counselling and family support programmes

139H Mediation by consent

139I Mediation, counselling and family support programmes in matrimonial proceedings involving prescribed persons

139J Mediation, counselling and family support programmes in other proceedings

Part 11 OFFENCES AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS

140 Offences relating to prostitution

141 Traffic in women and girls

142 Importation of woman or girl by false pretences

143 Permitting girl below the age of 16 to use premises for sexual penetration

144 Permitting mental defective to use premises for sexual penetration

145 Causing or encouraging prostitution of, girl below the age of 18 or sexual penetration with, or indecent assault on, girl below the age of 16

146 Persons living on or trading in prostitution, etc.

146A Remote communication service used for offering or facilitating provision of sexual services, etc.

147 Suppression of places of assignation

148 Suppression of brothels

149 Notice to owner and occupier

150 Termination of tenancy of places on conviction for permitting use as brothel, etc.

151 Demolition of structural contrivances for facilitating running of place of assignation or of brothel

152 Authority of courts to issue arrest and search warrants

153 Trials in private in certain cases

154 Trial of offences

155 Detention pending judicial proceedings

156 Director‑General may examine women and girls and person in charge of them

158 Security on departure of woman or girl from Singapore

159 Woman or girl below the age of 21 trained or used for immoral purposes, etc.

160 Director‑General may order detention or commitment of woman or girl in certain cases

161 Period of detention or commitment of woman or girl

162 Marriage not to be contracted without consent of Director‑General

163 Women and girls in urgent need of refuge

164 Transfer of women or girls from one place of safety to another place of safety within Singapore, etc.

165 Removal of women or girls to Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or Hong Kong by order of Minister

167 Women and girls may be received into and detained in Singapore

168 Women and girls so received to be subject to local law

169 Women and girls detained to be subject to rules

170 Director‑General may cause persons to be photographed

171 Power to summon and examine persons in certain circumstances

172 Record of evidence

173 Power of search

174 Power of arrest and seizure

175 Presumption arising out of warrants

176 Appointment of officers

177 Minister may establish places of safety

177A Restriction on publication of information on place of safety or resident of place of safety

178 Boards of Visitors

179 Discharge Committees

Part 12 MISCELLANEOUS

180A Protection from personal liability

181 Marriages solemnised before 15 September 1961 deemed to be registered under this Act

182 Voluntary registration of marriages solemnised before 15 September 1961 or validated by section 184

183 Recognition of marriages contracted in Embassies, etc., in Singapore

184 Validity of customary marriages contracted on or after 15 September 1961 and before 2 June 1967

185 Saving for petitions presented before 1 June 1981

186 Savings for proceedings before 1 May 1997

FIRST SCHEDULE Kindred and affinity prohibited degrees of relationship SECOND SCHEDULE Consents required to the marriage of a minor Legislative History Abbreviations Comparative Table

Women’s Charter 1961

Status:

Current version as at 29 Nov 2024

Timeline
Subsidiary Legislation
Amendment Annotation

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Actions
- Add to My Collections
- Amendments RSS Feed

Document
Provision

30 Mar 1987

1985 RevEd
01 Jul 1993

Amended by
Act 16 of 1993
08 Apr 1994

Amended by
Act 2 of 1994
01 May 1997

Amended by
Act 30 of 1996
30 May 1997

1997 RevEd
01 Oct 2001

Amended by
Act 20 of 2001
01 Apr 2006

Amended by
Act 42 of 2005
01 Mar 2007

Amended by
Act 2 of 2007
01 Feb 2008

Amended by
Act 51 of 2007
31 Oct 2009

2009 RevEd
01 Mar 2010

Amended by
Act 21 of 2008
02 Jan 2011

Amended by
Act 15 of 2010
01 Jun 2011

Amended by
Act 2 of 2011
01 Sep 2011

Amended by
Act 2 of 2011
28 Mar 2013

Amended by
Act 25 of 2012
01 Oct 2014

Amended by
Act 27 of 2014
01 Jan 2015

Amended by
Act 27 of 2014
01 Jul 2016

Amended by
Act 7 of 2016
01 Oct 2016

Amended by
Act 7 of 2016
01 Dec 2016

Amended by
Act 7 of 2016
01 Jan 2017

Amended by
Act 7 of 2016
01 Oct 2017

Amended by
Act 19 of 2016
19 Dec 2018

Amended by
Act 27 of 2018
01 Jan 2020

Amended by
Act 15 of 2019
01 Jul 2020

Amended by
Act 30 of 2019
30 Jul 2020

Amended by
Act 40 of 2018
07 Aug 2020

Amended by
Act 36 of 2019
02 Jan 2021

Amended by
Act 40 of 2019
31 Dec 2021

2020 RevEd
01 Apr 2022

Amended by
Act 25 of 2021
30 Dec 2022

Amended by
Act 3 of 2022
25 Sep 2023

Amended by
Act 3 of 2022
31 Jan 2024

Amended by
Act 18 of 2023
01 Jul 2024

Amended by
Act 3 of 2022
01 Jul 2024

Amended by
Act 21 of 2023
15 Oct 2024

Amended by
Act 25 of 2021
15 Oct 2024

Amended by
Act 20 of 2022
15 Oct 2024

Amended by
Act 18 of 2023
02 Jan 2025

Amended by
Act 3 of 2022
02 Jan 2025

Amended by
Act 18 of 2023
02 Jan 2025

Amended by
Act 21 of 2023
02 Jan 2025

Amended by
Act 32 of 2024

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