Maintenance of Parents
Act 1995
2020 REVISED EDITION
This revised edition incorporates all amendments up to and including 1 December 2021 and comes into operation on 31 December 2021
An Act to make provision for the maintenance of parents by their children and for matters connected therewith.
[1 June 1996]
Short title
1.  This Act is the Maintenance of Parents Act 1995.
Interpretation
2.  In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires —
“applicant” includes a person in whose favour a maintenance order has been made under this Act;
“approved person or organisation” means a person or an organisation that the Minister has approved in writing for the purposes of this Act;
“child” includes an illegitimate or adopted child and a step‑child;
“Commissioner” means the Commissioner for the Maintenance of Parents appointed under section 12(1) and includes a Deputy Commissioner and an Assistant Commissioner for the Maintenance of Parents;
“respondent” includes a person against whom a maintenance order has been made under this Act;
“Tribunal” means the Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents established under section 13.
Applications for maintenance orders
3.—(1)  Any person domiciled and resident in Singapore who is of or above 60 years of age and who is unable to maintain himself or herself adequately (called in this section the parent) may apply to the Tribunal for an order that one or more of the person’s children pay him or her a monthly allowance or any other periodical payment or a lump sum for his or her maintenance.
(2)  An approved person or organisation in whose care a parent resides may apply to the Tribunal for an order that one or more of the parent’s children pay the approved person or organisation a monthly allowance or any other periodical payment or a lump sum for the purpose of defraying the costs and expenses of maintaining the parent.
(3)  Any person who wishes to make an application under this section, whether on the person’s own behalf or on behalf of a parent, in respect of any claim for which no application had previously been made under this section must, before making the application, refer the claim to the Commissioner for review under section 12(5).
[37/2010]
(4)  Where the parent ceases to be in the care of the approved person or organisation, any part of the monthly allowance, other periodical payment or lump sum remaining, after deducting the reasonable costs and expenses of maintaining the parent, must be held in trust for the parent.
(5)  For the purposes of this section, a parent is unable to maintain himself or herself if the parent’s total or expected income and other financial resources are inadequate to provide the parent with basic amenities and basic physical needs including (but not limited to) shelter, food, medical costs and clothing.
[37/2010]
(6)  Even though a person is below the minimum age specified in subsection (1), this Act applies to that person if the Tribunal is satisfied that the person is suffering from infirmity of mind or body which prevents the person from maintaining or makes it difficult for the person to maintain himself or herself or that there is any other special reason.
(7)  The president or a deputy president of the Tribunal may dismiss any application made under this section, if he or she is of the opinion that the application is frivolous or vexatious, or if the applicant has failed to comply with subsection (3), and give the reasons for the dismissal.
[37/2010]
(8)  An applicant who is aggrieved by any decision made under subsection (7) may, within 14 days of the decision, appeal in writing to the Tribunal.
[37/2010]
(9)  The president or deputy president (as the case may be) who made the decision under subsection (7) that is under appeal must not participate in the proceedings or determination of the appeal.
[37/2010]
Joinder of respondents
4.  A respondent may serve notice in the prescribed form on other persons liable to maintain the applicant joining them as respondents in the action.
Maintenance orders
5.—(1)  The Tribunal may make a maintenance order if it considers that it is just and equitable that the respondent should maintain the applicant and that —
(a)the respondent is able to provide maintenance to the applicant after the respondent’s own requirements and those of his or her spouse and his or her children have been supplied; and
(b)the applicant is unable, in spite of efforts on his or her part, to maintain himself or herself through work or from his or her property or from any other source.
(2)  When ordering maintenance for the benefit of an applicant, the Tribunal must have regard to all the circumstances of the case including (but not limited to) the following matters:
(a)the financial needs of the applicant, taking into account reasonable expenses for housing and medical costs;
(b)the income, earning capacity, property and other financial resources of the applicant, and the manner in which an applicant has spent his or her savings or dissipated his or her financial resources;
(c)any physical or mental disability of the applicant;
(d)the income, earning capacity, property and other financial resources of the respondent;
(e)the expenses incurred by the respondent in supporting his or her spouse or children;
(f)the contributions and provisions, whether financial or otherwise, which the respondent has made for the maintenance of the applicant.
(3)  Without prejudice to the Tribunal’s powers under the Act, the president or a deputy president of the Tribunal may, with the consent of the applicant and the respondent, make a maintenance order reflecting the terms of any agreement reached between the parties in respect of a claim, and the order is deemed to be a maintenance order made by the Tribunal under this Act and enforceable in accordance with its terms.
[37/2010]
(4)  If the Tribunal is satisfied upon due proof that the applicant abandoned, abused or neglected the respondent, it may dismiss the application or may reduce the quantum of maintenance ordered by an amount determined by the Tribunal to be just.
(5)  The onus of proving abandonment, abuse or neglect is on the respondent alleging it.
(6)  Where there is more than one respondent, the Tribunal may apportion the maintenance among the various respondents in a manner determined by the Tribunal to be just.
(7)  The Tribunal must, before hearing an application under this section, refer the differences between the parties to a conciliation officer for mediation between the parties.
Power of Tribunal to order security for maintenance
6.—(1)  A maintenance order may provide for the payment of a lump sum, or a monthly allowance or periodical payment for a period determined by the Tribunal.
(2)  The Tribunal may, in its discretion, when awarding maintenance, order the respondent to secure the whole or any part of the maintenance by vesting any property in trustees upon trust to pay the whole or any part of the maintenance out of the income from that property.
(3)  The Tribunal may, in awarding maintenance, order the applicant to —
(a)deposit with a bank a minimum sum determined by the Tribunal; or
(b)purchase an annuity with an insurer with the minimum sum.
(4)  The Tribunal may, in awarding maintenance, give directions as to the manner or method of payment.
Duration of maintenance orders
7.—(1)  Except where a maintenance order is expressed to be for any shorter period or where a maintenance order has been rescinded, a maintenance order expires —
(a)if the maintenance was unsecured — on the death of the applicant or the respondent, whichever is the earlier; or
(b)if the maintenance was secured — on the death of the applicant.
(2)  Where a maintenance order was made against more than one respondent, the death of a respondent does not affect the liability of the others to continue paying maintenance to the applicant.
(3)  The applicant may apply to the Tribunal to re-apportion the liability among the surviving respondents on the death of a respondent.
Variation of maintenance orders
8.—(1)  The Tribunal may vary or rescind any subsisting maintenance order, whether secured or unsecured —
(a)where it is satisfied that the order was based on any misrepresentation or mistake of fact;
(b)where there has been any material change in the circumstances of the applicant or respondents;
(c)where another person is joined as a respondent; or
(d)for other good cause shown to the satisfaction of the Tribunal.
[37/2010]
(2)  An application for variation of a maintenance order may be made by —
(a)the applicant;
(b)a respondent;
(c)the Commissioner;
(d)an approved person or organisation mentioned in section 3(2); or
(e)in respect of secured maintenance, the legal personal representatives of a respondent.
(3)  Where a maintenance order was made against more than one respondent or another respondent is joined, the Tribunal may re‑apportion the maintenance in a manner that it considers just upon an application to vary the maintenance order.
(4)  The Tribunal may, before hearing an application under this section and where it considers it necessary or desirable to do so, refer the differences between the parties to a conciliation officer for mediation.
[37/2010]
Maintenance payable under order of Tribunal to be inalienable
9.  Maintenance payable to any person under this Act is not assignable or transferable or liable to be attached, sequestered or levied upon for, or in respect of, any debt or claim.
Enforcement of maintenance orders
10.—(1)  Maintenance orders made under this Act are deemed to be orders made by a Family Court and may be enforced in the same manner as maintenance orders for wives and children are enforced under the Women’s Charter 1961, and the provisions of that Act apply, with the necessary modifications, to the enforcement of orders made under this Act.
[27/2014]
(2)  For the purposes of subsection (1), the Family Court may adopt any measures that it deems relevant or appropriate for the enforcement of maintenance orders made under this Act.
[37/2010; 27/2014]
Applications on behalf of incapacitated applicants
11.—(1)  Where an applicant is unable to make an application under this Act (whether by reason of physical or mental infirmity or for any other reason), an application may be made on the applicant’s behalf by —
(a)any member of the applicant’s family;
(b)any person in whose care the applicant resides; or
(c)any other person whom the applicant has authorised to make the application.
[27/2018]
(2)  Without affecting subsection (1), if an applicant mentioned in that subsection is a vulnerable adult in respect of whom —
(a)there is an order made by a court under section 14 or 15 of the Vulnerable Adults Act 2018; or
(b)the Director‑General of Social Welfare or a protector has exercised any power under Division 1 or 2 of Part 2 of that Act,
the application may be made on the applicant’s behalf by the Director‑General of Social Welfare or a protector.
[27/2018; 30/2019]
(3)  In this section —
“protector” means a protector appointed under section 3(2) of the Vulnerable Adults Act 2018;
“vulnerable adult” has the meaning given by section 2 of the Vulnerable Adults Act 2018.
[27/2018; 30/2019]
Appointment of and applications by Commissioner for the Maintenance of Parents
12.—(1)  The Minister may appoint —
(a)a Commissioner for the Maintenance of Parents; and
(b)any number of Deputy Commissioners and Assistant Commissioners for the Maintenance of Parents that the Minister may consider necessary,
on the terms and conditions determined by the Minister.
(2)  The Commissioner may make an application under this Act on behalf of an applicant of or above 60 years of age (whether or not the applicant is able to do so) or represent the applicant in any proceedings or appeal under this Act.
(3)  The Commissioner may consult, or direct a Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner or any other person the Commissioner thinks fit to consult, with the parents and children concerned in order to assist them to reach agreement by conciliation.
[37/2010]
(4)  Even though a person is below the minimum age specified in subsection (2), the Commissioner may make an application on the person’s behalf or represent the person if the Commissioner is satisfied that the person is suffering from infirmity of mind or body which prevents the person from maintaining or makes it difficult for the person to maintain himself or herself or if there is any other special reason.
(5)  Where a claim of a parent has been referred to the Commissioner under section 3(3), the Commissioner must review the claim and may do all or any of the following:
(a)refer the parent to any relevant Government or other agency for assistance;
(b)refer the differences between the parent and his or her children for conciliation;
(c)take any other measure that the Commissioner thinks fit.
[37/2010]
(6)  If a claim has not been settled after referral to the relevant Government or other agency or for conciliation or any other measure taken under subsection (5), an application may be made to the Tribunal under section 3.
[37/2010]
(7)  The Commissioner may, by written notice, require any person to appear at any reasonable time and at any convenient place for the purposes of conciliation under subsection (5)(b), and any failure by the person to appear as required may be taken into consideration by the Tribunal when hearing and determining the relevant application for maintenance, in the manner that seems proper to the Tribunal.
[37/2010]
(8)  The Commissioner may generally do all things incidental to or consequential upon the discharge of his or her functions or the exercise of his or her powers under this Act.
[37/2010]
Establishment of Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents
13.—(1)  For the purposes of this Act, there is established a Tribunal for the Maintenance of Parents consisting of a president, up to 4 deputy presidents, and such number of members (not being less than 2), as the Minister may think fit.
[37/2010]
(2)  The president, every deputy president and every member of the Tribunal is to be appointed by the Minister and upon appointment the names of the president, every deputy president and every member of the Tribunal must be published in the Gazette.
[37/2010]
(3)  The president and every deputy president of the Tribunal must possess the qualifications required for a District Judge under section 9(3) of the State Courts Act 1970 or be a District Judge appointed under section 9(1) of that Act.
[37/2010; 5/2014]
(4)  A deputy president of the Tribunal has and may exercise and perform all the powers, duties and functions of the president of the Tribunal conferred by this Act, subject to any limitation imposed by the president.
[37/2010]
(5)  Three members of the Tribunal, one of whom must be the president or a deputy president, form a quorum, and the opinion of the majority of the Tribunal present is decisive upon any matter, except that in the case of an equality the president or a deputy president is to decide which opinion prevails.
[37/2010]
(6)  The president, every deputy president and every member of the Tribunal holds office for a period of 3 years or for a shorter period determined by the Minister and is eligible for re‑appointment.
[37/2010]
(7)  The president, a deputy president or a member of the Tribunal must vacate his or her office where —
(a)he or she resigns; or
(b)the Minister has revoked his or her appointment on the ground of his or her unfitness to continue in office or incapacity to perform the duties of the office.
[37/2010]
(8)  Where a person ceases to be the president, a deputy president or a member of the Tribunal, the Minister must (as soon as is reasonably practicable) take steps to fill the vacancy, but the existence of any vacancy in the Tribunal does not invalidate the acts of the Tribunal.
[37/2010]
(9)  If the president, a deputy president or any member of the Tribunal is for the time being unable to perform the duties of his or her office, either generally or in relation to any particular proceedings, the Minister may appoint another person to discharge the duties of the president, a deputy president or that member for any period, not exceeding 6 months at one time, or (as the case may be) in relation to those proceedings; and a person so appointed has, during that period or in relation to those proceedings, the same powers as the person in whose place he or she is appointed.
[37/2010]
(10)  The president, every deputy president and every member of the Tribunal is deemed to be a public servant within the meaning of the Penal Code 1871 and the proceedings of the Tribunal are deemed to be judicial proceedings.
[37/2010]
(11)  The president, every deputy president and the members of the Tribunal are to be paid the salaries, fees and allowances determined by the Minister.
[37/2010]
(12)  The Minister may appoint a Secretary to the Tribunal, conciliation officers and any other officers and employees of the Tribunal that may be necessary.
(13)  The exercise of the powers of the Tribunal is not affected by any vacancy in the membership of the Tribunal if a quorum is present at the commencement of the proceedings.
Tribunal to hear and determine claims
14.—(1)  The Tribunal has jurisdiction to hear and determine in accordance with this Act all applications made under this Act.
(2)  Sittings of the Tribunal are to be held at such places and times as determined by the president of the Tribunal.
(3)  Any interested party may be represented before the Tribunal —
(a)by an agent acting without fee, gain, reward or any expectation thereof, in any case in which the Tribunal may at the party’s request and for good reason permit;
(b)if the party is an applicant, by the Commissioner; or
(c)if the party is an approved person or organisation, by an employee or officer of the approved person or organisation.
(4)  No party to any proceedings before the Tribunal may be represented by an advocate and solicitor of the Supreme Court except that the Commissioner may represent the applicant before the Tribunal although he or she may be an advocate and solicitor.
(5)  Every summons and notice issued under the hand of the Secretary to the Tribunal to any person is deemed to be issued by the Tribunal and may be served on that person —
(a)by delivering the summons or notice to the person or to some adult member of his or her family at his or her last known place of residence;
(b)by leaving the summons or notice at his or her usual or last known place of residence or business in an envelope addressed to the person;
(c)by sending the summons or notice by registered post addressed to the person at his or her usual or last known place of residence or business; or
(d)where the person is a body of persons or a company —
(i)by delivering the summons or notice to the secretary or other like officer of the body of persons or company at its registered office or principal place of business; or
(ii)by sending the summons or notice by registered post addressed to the body of persons or company at its registered office or principal place of business.
(6)  Any summons or notice sent by registered post to any person in accordance with subsection (5) is deemed to be duly served on the person to whom the letter is addressed at the time when the letter would in the ordinary course of post be delivered, and in proving service of the summons or notice, it is sufficient to prove that the envelope containing the summons or notice was properly addressed, stamped and posted by registered post.
(7)  The Tribunal has the following powers:
(a)to dismiss frivolous or vexatious claims at a preliminary stage on the basis of the affidavits and other documentary evidence;
(b)to summon any person to appear before a conciliation officer for the purpose of mediation;
(c)to summon any person whom it considers able to give evidence to attend at the hearing of an application;
(d)to examine such person as a witness either on oath or otherwise, and to require the person to produce any records, documents or articles that the Tribunal thinks necessary for the purposes of the proceedings;
(e)to allow any person attending the proceedings to be paid any reasonable expenses necessarily incurred by the person in so attending by a party determined by the Tribunal;
(f)to make an order by consent of the parties;
(g)all the powers of a Family Court with regard to the enforcement of attendance of witnesses and hearing evidence on oath.
[37/2010; 27/2014]
(8)  Every person examined as a witness by or before the Tribunal, whether on oath or otherwise, is legally bound to state the truth and to produce the records, documents or articles that the Tribunal may require.
(9)  The Tribunal is not bound by the strict rules of evidence and may determine the conduct of its proceedings.
Information required by Tribunal or Commissioner
14A.—(1)  The Tribunal or the Commissioner may, in discharging their respective functions under this Act, obtain any information, record, document or article from any officer of such Government agency or statutory body as the Minister may prescribe by notification in the Gazette, as the Tribunal or the Commissioner (as the case may be) may consider necessary or desirable for the purposes set out in subsection (2).
[37/2010]
(2)  Any information, record, document or article obtained under subsection (1) may be used by the Tribunal or the Commissioner (as the case may be) for any of the following purposes:
(a)identifying and locating the children of the parent;
(b)assessing the veracity of or supplementing the information provided by the parent, applicant, respondent or children of the parent;
(c)assessing the ability of the parent to maintain himself or herself, and each of the children of the parent to maintain the parent, including but not limited to their respective incomes, earning capacity, property and other financial resources, expenses and liabilities.
[37/2010]
(3)  Each member of the Tribunal and the Commissioner must, in respect of any information, record, document or article obtained under subsection (1) and which has been disclosed to him or her —
(a)take reasonable steps to ensure that the information, record, document or article is kept confidential to the Tribunal or the Commissioner, as the case may be;
(b)not use the information, record, document or article for any purposes other than those stated in subsection (2); and
(c)disclose the information, record, document or article only —
(i)as between the Commissioner and the Tribunal and any officer of the Tribunal, or any person acting for or under the direction of the Tribunal, for the purposes stated in subsection (2);
(ii)with the written permission of the relevant Government agency or statutory body as the Minister may prescribe by notification in the Gazette, which provided the information, record, document or article to the Tribunal or the Commissioner, as the case may be;
(iii)when required to do so by any court or under any written law; or
(iv)for the purposes of any criminal proceedings or for any other purpose the disclosure of which is required or authorised by or under any written law.
[37/2010]
Contempt of Tribunal
15.—(1)  Any person who —
(a)assaults, wilfully insults or obstructs the president, a deputy president, a member or an officer of the Tribunal or any witness during a sitting of the Tribunal or while the president, deputy president, member, officer or witness is on his or her way to or from the sitting;
(b)assaults or wilfully insults or obstructs any person in attendance at a sitting of the Tribunal;
(c)wilfully interrupts or otherwise misbehaves at a sitting of the Tribunal; or
(d)without lawful excuse disobeys any order or direction of the Tribunal during a sitting of the Tribunal,
shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $5,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months.
[37/2010]
(2)  A Tribunal may by oral order exclude from a sitting of the Tribunal any person whose behaviour in the opinion of the president constitutes an offence under subsection (1) whether or not the person is charged with the offence, and the member or officer under the president’s control or any police officer may take any step that is reasonably necessary to enforce the exclusion.
Power of Tribunal to state special case for decision of General Division of High Court
16.—(1)  The Tribunal may, at any stage of any application or proceeding before it, reserve for the consideration of the General Division of the High Court any question of law arising in the application or proceeding in the form of a special case which must be —
(a)drawn up by the president and must set out briefly the facts on which the law is to be applied and the question or questions of law to be determined;
(b)sent by the president to the registrar of the Family Justice Courts; and
(c)set down for argument in the manner directed by the General Division of the High Court.
[27/2014; 40/2019]
(2)  The General Division of the High Court is to hear and determine the question or questions of law arising on the special case and then remit the matter to the president with the opinion of the General Division of the High Court thereon and that opinion is binding on the Tribunal.
[40/2019]
(3)  Nothing in this section is to be construed as preventing the Tribunal from determining any question of law arising in the application or proceeding before it.
General Division of High Court may call for proceedings of Tribunal
17.—(1)  The General Division of the High Court, either on its own motion or on the application within 14 days of any party aggrieved by a decision of the Tribunal on the ground that it is wrong in law, may call for the proceedings and the grounds of the award and give any order thereon, either by directing a fresh hearing or otherwise, as seems necessary to secure that substantial justice is done.
[40/2019]
(2)  The powers of revision conferred upon the General Division of the High Court in this section do not extend to a decision of the Tribunal as to the quantum of maintenance awarded or apportioned under this Act.
[40/2019]
Appeals to General Division of High Court
18.—(1)  Except as provided in this section and sections 16 and 17, the decision of the Tribunal is final.
(2)  The applicant, the Commissioner on behalf of the applicant, a respondent, an approved person or organisation or any other affected party may appeal to the General Division of the High Court from the decision of the Tribunal upon any question of law or of mixed law and fact except in any case where the Tribunal has made the order with the consent of the parties, including a maintenance order made by the president or deputy president and deemed to be a maintenance order made by the Tribunal under section 5(3), unless it is alleged that the consent was obtained by means of fraud, duress, threat or misrepresentation.
[37/2010; 40/2019]
(3)  The procedure governing any appeal to the General Division of the High Court is as provided for in the Family Justice Rules.
[2/2012; 27/2014; 40/2019]
(4)  The General Division of the High Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine any appeal and may confirm, vary or annul the decision of the Tribunal on appeal and make such further or other order on such appeal, whether as to costs or otherwise, as the General Division of the High Court may consider fit.
[40/2019]
(5)  An appeal against the decision of the General Division of the High Court on an appeal under subsection (2) may only be brought with the permission of the General Division of the High Court, and permission must not be granted unless —
(a)a question of law of public interest has arisen in the appeal under subsection (2); and
(b)the determination of the question by the General Division of the High Court has affected the outcome of the appeal under subsection (2).
[40/2019]
[Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]
Proceedings in private
19.—(1)  Subject to subsections (2) and (3), all proceedings under this Act are to be heard in private.
[40/2019]
[Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]
(2)  In any proceeding under this Act, the Tribunal or court hearing the proceeding may direct that the proceeding be heard in public despite any objections from any other party to the proceeding.
[40/2019]
(3)  The Tribunal or court may, if it considers that any proceeding heard in private by it ought to be reported, publish or authorise the publication of the facts, arguments and decision in the proceedings without disclosing the identities of the party concerned.
[40/2019]
[Act 25 of 2021 wef 01/04/2022]
Costs
20.—(1)  Subject to subsection (2), the costs of —
(a)an application under this Act are in the discretion of the Tribunal;
(b)an appeal are in the discretion of the court hearing the appeal;
(c)any proceedings in the General Division of the High Court on a case stated are in the discretion of the General Division of the High Court and may be dealt with by the order of the General Division of the High Court.
[40/2019]
(2)  In all proceedings under this Act including a case stated and an appeal from the decision of the Tribunal or the General Division of the High Court (as the case may be) —
(a)the remuneration a solicitor is entitled to receive in respect of such proceedings must not exceed the maximum amount prescribed in rules made under section 21 and any agreement for costs which exceeds the maximum amount so prescribed is void;
(b)the costs of the Commissioner are at the discretion of the Tribunal or the court (as the case may be) but the Commissioner must not be ordered to pay the costs of any of the other parties; and
(c)no member of the Tribunal shall be personally liable to any costs in respect of a case stated or an appeal from the decision of the Tribunal.
[40/2019]
Protection from personal liability
20A.  No suit or other legal proceedings shall lie against the president or any deputy president or member of the Tribunal, or the Commissioner, for anything which is done with reasonable care and in good faith in the discharge or purported discharge of his or her functions or duties under this Act.
[37/2010]
Rules
21.—(1)  The Minister may make rules generally for carrying out the provisions of this Act and for prescribing anything which may be prescribed under this Act.
(2)  Without limiting subsection (1), such rules may make provisions for —
(a)regulating and prescribing the procedure for applications and the conduct of proceedings under this Act;
(b)regulating the means by which particular facts may be proved, and the mode in which evidence thereof may be given including but not limited to affidavits;
(c)the manner in which frivolous or vexatious claims may be dismissed at a preliminary stage on the basis of the affidavits and other documentary evidence;
(d)the discovery of documents and other evidence and public records;
(e)the manner and method of payment of maintenance awarded under this Act; and
(f)the costs of any proceedings under this Act.
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